Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2012, published 102nd ILC session (2013)

Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) - Mongolia (Ratification: 2002)

The Committee notes with regret that the Government’s report has not been received. It must therefore repeat its previous observation which read as follows:

Repetition

Article 1 of the Convention. National policy designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour. In its previous comments, the Committee noted that in 2002 the Government approved a National Programme of Action for the Development and Protection of Children for 2002–10 (NPA 2002–10). It noted that particular attention has been given to the issue of child labour in this document and that one of its objectives is to amend national legislation to ensure the protection of children. The Committee requested the Government to provide information on any developments regarding the review and possible amendments to the Labour Code and the Law on the Protection of the Rights of the Child in order to better address the problem of child labour. The Committee noted in the Government’s report submitted under the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), that the Labour Code has recently been amended. It also noted that the NPA 2002–10 is ongoing, as are a number of other projects and programmes, most of them dealing with the worst forms of child labour. The Committee requests the Government to supply a copy of the recently amended Labour Code. The Committee also requests the Government to continue providing information on the NPA 2002–10, or any other such programmes, aimed at ensuring the effective abolition of child labour.

Article 2(1). Scope of application. The Committee previously noted that the Labour Code, according to its section 4, covers relations governed by a labour contract, defined as a mutual agreement on work for pay between an employee and an employer (section 3(1)(3)). The Committee therefore noted that the Labour Code appeared to exclude work performed outside the framework of a labour contract and self-employment from its scope of application. In this regard, the Committee noted the Government’s information that, according to the survey conducted by the Mongolian Employers’ Federation in 2003, 54.3 per cent of employers involved in the survey had been employing children without a labour contract. In this regard, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on the manner in which protection is given to children carrying out an economic activity that is not covered by a labour contract, such as work on their own account.

The Committee noted the information in the Government’s report that, following an audit by the ILO on labour inspection in Mongolia, the Parliament approved a review of the Labour Code and state policy on informal employment. The Committee noted that the Government plans to revise the Labour Code to extend its scope of application in 2010. The Committee also noted the Government’s statement that child protection is still weak in the informal sector. The Committee further noted the information in the Human Rights and Freedoms in Mongolia Status Report, issued in 2007 by the National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia, that approximately 6,950 children were working in the informal economy in urban areas (page 50). The Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that, within the review of the Labour Code and the state policy on informal employment, protection is given to children carrying out work on their own account or in the informal economy. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide information on developments in this regard.

Article 2(3). Age of completion of compulsory education. In its previous comments, the Committee noted that, according to section 109(2) of the Labour Code, a person aged 15 years may enter into a labour contract with the permission of parents or guardians. It noted however that, according to National Programme for the Prevention and Elimination of Child Labour in Mongolia (Phase II, ILO–IPEC Multi-bilateral Programme of Technical Cooperation of 9 April 2002, page 8), the new Law on Primary and Secondary Education was adopted on 3 May 2002. The Committee also noted that the Government indicated in its report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) that “the Law on Education provides that a child shall be provided a compulsory basic education up to 17 years of age” (CRC/C/65/Add.32 of 15 November 2004, page 19). The Committee observed that the minimum age of 15 years specified by the Government seems to be lower than the age of completion of compulsory schooling.

The Committee noted, in its concluding observations, that the CRC expressed concern “about some contradictory provisions of the domestic laws leaving children without adequate protection, e.g. the compulsory school age is 17, whereas the labour law allows children aged 14 and 15 years old to work 30 hours per week” (CRC/C/15/Add.264, 21 September 2005, paragraph 9). The Committee further noted in the Government’s report submitted under Convention No. 182, that the Law on Education was amended in December 2006, and noted the Government’s statement in its report to the CRC of 9 June 2009 that education is mandatory until the age of 16 (CRC/C/MNG/3-4, paragraph 280).

The Committee recalled that, pursuant to Article 2(3) of the Convention, the minimum age for admission to employment (currently 15 years) should not be lower that the age of completion of compulsory schooling. The Committee also considered that compulsory schooling is one of the most effective means of combating child labour. If the age of admission to employment and the age limit for compulsory education do not coincide, a number of problems may arise. For example, if the age of completion of compulsory education is higher than the minimum age for admission to work or employment, children who are required to attend school are at the same time legally competent to work and may be tempted to abandon their studies. The Committee therefore requests the Government to indicate the legislative provisions contained in the Law on Primary and Secondary Education, in the Law on Education or in any other legislation, fixing the actual age of completion of compulsory education and to supply a copy of the same. Noting that the minimum age for admission to employment appears to be less than the age of completion of compulsory schooling, the Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures to raise the minimum age for admission to employment in order to link it with the age of completion of compulsory schooling in conformity with Article 2(3) of the Convention.

Providing education for school drop-outs. The Committee noted that, according to the National Programme for the Prevention and Elimination of Child Labour in Mongolia (Phase II, ILO–IPEC Multi-bilateral Programme of Technical Cooperation of 9 April 2002, page 9), since the mid-1990s, school enrolment has been gradually improving and the school drop-out rate has reversed.

The Committee noted in the Government’s report submitted under Convention No. 182 that the National Statistical Office with support from UNICEF carried out the “Random sampling research on groups with mixed indicators” in 2005–06. One finding of this research was that 90.2 per cent of children living in Ulaanbaatar are studying in secondary school versus only 76.1 per cent in the remote rural areas, mostly due to a high drop-out rate for children of herders, who need the assistance of their children in their family’s livestock herding activities. The CRC expressed similar findings (CRC/C/15/Add.264, 21 September 2005, paragraphs 51–52). The Committee noted that the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, with financial support from UNICEF, is implementing the “Circular for alternative training of primary, basic and complete secondary education” (Circular). This Circular, as well as the newly amended Law on Education both make explicit provisions for providing working children and drop-out children with educational services, including informal education. The Committee requests the Government to continue providing information on the impact of the Circular, and any other measures taken, on providing educational services to both working and drop-out children as well as in increasing school attendance rates, in particular in the remote areas. It also requests the Government to continue providing statistical information on school attendance and school drop-out rates, in particular in rural schools.

Article 7. Light work. The Committee previously noted that, according to a national survey conducted by the National Statistical Office in 2000, quite a number of children under the specified minimum age for admission to employment are economically active in some way or another. The Committee recalled that Article 7(1) of the Convention provides that national laws or regulations may permit persons from the age of 13 to engage in light work, which is: (a) not likely to be harmful to their health or development; and (b) not such as to prejudice their attendance at school, their participation in vocational orientation or training programmes approved by the competent authority or their capacity to benefit from the instruction received. The Committee also recalled that, according to Article 7(3) of the Convention, the competent authority shall determine what is light work and shall prescribe the number of hours during which, and the conditions in which, such employment or work may be undertaken. Noting the absence of information in this regard, the Committee once again requests the Government to indicate the measures taken or envisaged in respect of provisions to determine light work activities and the conditions in which such employment or work could be undertaken by young persons of 13 years or more.

Article 8. Artistic performances. The Committee previously noted that section 25(6) of the Law on the Protection of the Rights of the Child provides that individuals and officials using a child in press and commercial advertising without the consent of the child or his/her parents, guardians, caregivers and conducting profit-oriented activities illegally using the name of the child will face a penalty of 20,000–30,000 tughriks with confiscation of their income and profit. The Committee recalled that, according to Article 8 of the Convention, the competent authority may, by permits granted in individual cases, allow exceptions to the prohibition of employment under the general minimum age, for such purposes as participation in artistic performances. Permits so granted shall limit the number of hours during which, and prescribe the conditions in which, employment or work is allowed. It requested the Government to indicate whether in practice children under the age of 15 years participate in artistic performances and, if so, to provide information on provisions of the national legislation which determine conditions of such work. The Committee noted the information in the Government’s report that, pursuant to section 8.1 of the Law on the Protection of the Rights of the Child, a list of plays and performances which may adversely affect a child’s health shall be developed and approved by Governmental officials responsible for health issues. The Committee requests the Government to provide a copy of this list, once approved.

Article 9(1). Penalties. In its previous comments, the Committee noted that, according to section 141(1)(6) of the Labour Code, if an employer forces minors to do work prohibited to them, or to lift or carry loads exceeding the prescribed limits, or has required employees under 18 years of age to work in a workplace that adversely affects their health and mental development, or in abnormal working conditions, or compels them to work overtime or during public holidays or weekends, the state labour inspector shall impose a fine on that officer of 15,000–30,000 tughriks. It also noted that section 25(5) of the Law on the Protection of the Rights of the Child provides for penalties for engaging a child in hazardous work stating “individuals forcing the child to beg and officials engaging the child in a work harmful for his/her health will face a penalty of 10,000–20,000 tughriks”.

The Committee noted in the Government’s report, submitted under Convention No. 182, that the penalties for breach of provisions found in the Criminal Code (such as human trafficking in children, involvement in pornography, sexual exploitation, drug trafficking) and other laws relating to children’s rights are appropriate. However, the penalties imposed upon employers, parents and other representatives in connection with employment in hazardous work are weak. The Committee further noted the Government’s indication that the fine imposed upon someone employing minors in prohibited work is insufficiently small to deter employers from resorting to the labour exploitation of minors. The Government indicated that much still remains to be done in relation to updating the legislation by imposing penalties, by ordering injunctions and ameliorating the penalty mechanism imposed upon parents and family members who allow the employment of children in the worst forms of child labour. The Committee encourages the Government to continue updating the legislation in this regard and requests it to provide information on any developments thereof. The Committee also requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that a person found to be in breach of the provisions giving effect to the Convention, in particular those in respect of hazardous work, is prosecuted and that adequate penalties are imposed. It asks the Government to provide information on the types of violations detected, the number of persons prosecuted and the penalties imposed.

Article 9(3). Registers of employment. In its previous comments, the Committee noted that the national legislation does not appear to contain provisions on the obligation of an employer to keep and make available the registers of persons under the age of 18 whom he/she employs. The Committee reminded the Government that, in accordance with Article 9(3) of the Convention, national laws or regulations or the competent authority shall prescribe the registers or other documents which shall be kept and made available by the employer containing the names and ages or dates of birth, duly certified, wherever possible, of persons whom he/she employs or who work for him/her and who are less than 18 years of age. Noting the absence of information in the Government’s report, the Committee once again requests the Government to indicate in which manner it ensures that employers shall keep and make available registers, which contain the names and ages or dates of birth, duly certified whenever possible, of persons under the age of 18 years employed or working for them.

Part V of the report form. Application of the Convention in practice. The Committee noted in the Government’s report submitted under Convention No. 182 that the National Statistics Office recently conducted the second National Child Labour Survey (2006–07) (NCL Survey). The Committee noted 621,500 children, of which 60.3 per cent were boys and 39.7 per cent girls, were covered in the NCL Survey and that at least 11.5 per cent worked at least one hour a week or were economically active. Though the survey has some shortcomings as it did not include homeless children, as well as those living in correctional labour colonies, orphanages and childcare institutions, it is nevertheless significant in creating the official and objective database. The prevalent sectors of work for children were: 84.6 per cent in agriculture; 5.1 per cent in services; 3.5 per cent in trade and industry; and 5.8 per cent in sweatshops. In relation to the employment relationship, the NCL Survey indicated that 93.1 per cent of working children work in household enterprises and are not paid, 9.2 per cent are self-employed and 1.7 per cent have a contractual relationship.

Another survey, conducted by the Mongolian Employers Federation in 2003, (Employers’ Survey), reveals that labour standards in relation to children working in the formal sector are not always adhered to: 59.5 per cent of employers hiring children aged 14–18 years of age did not conclude any contracts and 29.2 per cent were employing the children on a wage or work performance contract. The main motives for not concluding a contract were not wanting to pay the social insurance premiums and other deductions (36 per cent) and the temporary nature of the employment (52 per cent). According to the reports submitted by employers and used in the Employers’ Survey, 46 per cent of the children’s conditions at the workplace were deemed “normal”, 11.7 per cent were too hot, 21 per cent too dusty or with poor air circulation and 10.6 per cent were too noisy.

In addition, the Committee noted that the Population Training and Research Centre of the National University of Mongolia also carried out a survey which focused mostly on children aged 16–18 years of age working in the gold- and coal mining sectors in the Selenge and Tuv aimags (provinces). This survey indicates that most children started mining at an average age of 12, work an average of four hours per day in the winter, and an average of eight to nine and 10–11 continuous hours in the summer for children aged below 16 and 16–18, respectively. A total of 37.7 per cent of the children mining gold used mercury and 66.7 per cent of them work at home. Of these, 22.5 per cent have been involved in an accident in which 92.6 per cent have injured their legs, arms or their organs. Half of all children mining gold experience some form of health problem: 43.3 per cent suffer regularly from respiratory diseases, 41.7 per cent suffer from kidney and urinary disorders, 25 per cent suffer from orthopaedic illnesses and 23.3 per cent suffer from ear, nose and throat diseases.

Finally, the Committee noted that the report “Understanding children’s work and youth employment outcomes in Mongolia”, issued in June 2009 by the ILO, UNICEF and the World Bank (through the Understanding Children’s Work Project), indicates that 13.2 per cent of children between the ages of 5 and 14 are engaged in economic activity and that 7.5 per cent of children between the ages 15 and 17 are engaged in hazardous work. The Committee also noted that, in its concluding observations, the CRC expressed concern “at the high rate of working children in Mongolia and the various kinds of negative consequences resulting from the exploitation of child labour, including the school drop outs and negative impacts on health caused by the harmful and hazardous work. The high number of child domestic and rural workers and children working in very harmful conditions in gold and coal mines give cause for serious concerns” (CRC/C/15/Add.264, 21 September 2005, paragraph 59). While noting the efforts made by the Government to combat child labour, the Committee expresses serious concern at the large number of children working under the age of 15, as well as the significant number of children engaged in hazardous occupations, and therefore strongly encourages the Government to redouble its efforts to improve the situation, including through the allocation of additional resources for the implementation of measures aimed at combating child labour. The Committee also requests the Government to continue providing information on the situation of child labour in Mongolia and, in particular, to supply copies or extracts from official documents of inspection services. The Committee also asks the Government to provide information on the number and nature of the contraventions reported and penalties imposed.

The Committee hopes that the Government will make every effort to take the necessary action in the near future.