Texts of pending comments

In order to provide a comprehensive view of the issues relating to the application of ratified Conventions on labour inspection, the Committee considers it appropriate to examine Conventions Nos 81 (labour inspection) and 129 (labour inspection in agriculture) together.

The Committee notes the information provided by the Government in reply to its previous comments in relation to Article 17 of Convention No. 81 and Article 22 of Convention No. 129 (legal or administrative proceedings in the case of violations of or failure to comply with legal provisions enforceable by labour inspectors).

Article 3 of Convention No. 81 and Article 6 of Convention No. 129. Functions of labour inspectors. The Committee notes that, in reply to its request for information on the measures adopted to ensure that the conciliation functions of labour inspectors do not interfere with the effective discharge of their primary duties, the Government indicates that labour inspectors fulfil conciliation functions on a daily basis within their inspection duties, as part of their obligation to ensure compliance with conciliatory settlements as set out in section 278 of the Labour Code. The Committee however notes that the Government has provided additional information according to which there are certain labour inspectors to whom conciliation cases are assigned and others who are responsible for carrying out inspections. In this regard, the Government indicates that the delegation of the General Labour Inspectorate of the department of Guatemala has 18 inspectors who undertake conciliation and 23 who carry out inspection visits of workplaces following denunciations. The Committee recalls that, in accordance with Article 3(2) of Convention No. 81 and Article 6(3) of Convention No. 129, any further functions which may be entrusted to labour inspectors, such as conciliation, shall not be such as to interfere with the effective discharge of their primary duties or to prejudice in any way the authority and impartiality which are necessary to inspectors in their relations with employers and workers. In view of the high proportion of inspectors in at least one department who undertake conciliation functions on a daily basis, and the absence of information regarding the fulfilment of inspection visits and related duties by these same inspectors, the Committee requests the Government to provide detailed information on the time and resources allocated to the conciliation activities undertaken by labour inspectors, as a percentage of the total time and resources used by inspectors for the discharge of their primary duties, as envisaged in Article 3(1) of Convention No. 81 and Article 6(1) of Convention No. 129.

Article 12(1)(a) of Convention No. 81 and Article 16(1)(a) of Convention No. 129. Powers of labour inspectors to enter freely at any hour of the day or night any workplace liable to inspection. With reference to its request to adopt measures to ensure that labour inspectors can enter enterprises at any hour of the day or night, the Committee notes the Government’s indication in its report that for inspectors to be able to enter any workplace liable to inspection without previous notice, they have to take into account its working hours so that their inspection can take the time that is necessary. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the National Tripartite Commission on Industrial Relations and Freedom of Association (CNTRLLS) has been discussing a draft legislative initiative for the reform, among other provisions, of section 281(a) of the Labour Code which, according to the Government’s indications, limits the entry of labour inspectors into any workplace liable to inspection to the working day, in accordance with the internal rules or the authorizations issued by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MTPS). The Committee also notes that, according to the information provided by the Government, the number of inspections carried out at night between 2017 and May 2021 represented fewer than 1 per cent of the total number of inspections undertaken by day over the same period. The Committee requests the Government to take concrete measures, including within the context of a possible amendment to section 281(a) of the Labour Code, in order to guarantee that labour inspectors provided with proper credentials are empowered to enter at any hour of the day or night any workplace liable to inspection, in accordance with Article 12(1)(a) of Convention No. 81 and Article 16(1)(a) of Convention No. 129. The Committee also requests the Government to report any progress in the adoption of the legislative initiative for the amendment of section 281(a) of the Labour Code.

Article 12(2) of Convention No. 81 and Article 16(3) of Convention No. 129. Notification of the presence of inspectors unless such notification may be prejudicial to the performance of inspection duties. With reference to its request to adopt measures to ensure that inspectors have the power to omit to notify their presence to the employer if such notification may be prejudicial to the performance of their duties, the Committee notes the Government’s indication that labour inspectors do not give prior notice to employers that they will be carrying out controls at workplaces, but only show the employer the letter of appointment and identity documents of the inspectors concerned and the purpose of the control, and the employer is then required to allow the entry of the inspectors. In this regard, the Committee also notes that, according to the information provided by the Government, the CNTRLLS has also been discussing a draft initiative to reform section 271 of the Labour Code, which sets out the requirement to notify the presence of inspectors by producing proof of their identity and appointment, without envisaging exceptions in this regard. The Committee requests the Government to adopt concrete measures, including within the context of a possible amendment to section 271 of the Labour Code, to ensure that labour inspectors can choose not to notify the employer or his representative of their presence, if they consider that such notification may be prejudicial to the performance of their duties, in accordance with Article 12(2) of Convention No. 81 and Article 16(3) of Convention No. 129. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on any progress achieved in the adoption of the legislative initiative to amend section 271 of the Labour Code.

Article 18 of Convention No. 81 and Article 24 of Convention No. 129. Adequate and effectively enforced penalties. The Committee notes that, in reply to the observations of the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and Global Unions of Guatemala concerning the failure of the labour inspection services to impose penalties in practice, the Government indicates that, although in the past the conditions did not exist for the effective enforcement of the penalties issued by labour inspectors (the necessary units had not been established and the personnel to monitor the enforcement of such penalties had not been recruited), penalty procedures are now being initiated and decisions issued to impose fines on enterprises that are in violation. In this regard, the Committee notes the Government’s indication that the lack of personnel responsible for following up cases is still affecting their processing, especially in the General Labour Inspectorate of the department of Guatemala. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the functioning of the units responsible for enforcing the effective application of the penalties imposed by labour inspectors, with an indication of the measures adopted to reinforce their activities and improve the human resources available to them. The Committee also requests that the Government provide detailed information on the number and nature of penalties imposed, including the amounts of fines imposed and collected, once the penalty procedures have been initiated and decisions issued.

The Committee is raising other matters in a request addressed directly to the Government.

The Committee notes that the Committee on Freedom of Association has referred to it the legislative aspects of Cases Nos. 2967 and 3089 (393rd Report of the Committee, March 2021), concerning allegations of incompatibility of a number of provisions of the Criminal Code and the Labour Code with the Convention. The Committee notes that most of the provisions challenged in Cases Nos. 2967 and 3089 have already been examined by the Committee in the framework of its monitoring of the application of the Convention. The Committee notes, however, that the allegations also refer to several additional provisions of the Criminal Code (sections 256, 292, 294 and 414) which, according to the Guatemalan Union, Indigenous and Peasant Movement would facilitate the criminalization of peaceful labour protests by means of an excessively broad and subjective characterization of common offences (such as usurpation of buildings or paralysation of means of transport). The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the possible application in practice of the above-mentioned provisions of the Criminal Code to events occurring in the context of the exercise of freedom of association, in particular the right to strike.

The Committee notes the observations of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) and the joint observations of the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala, both received on 1 September 2021, relating to matters examined in the present comment. The Committee also notes the Government’s replies to these observations. The Committee further notes the Government’s comments on the matters raised in 2020 by the national trade union federations on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the application of the Convention.

Follow-up by the Governing Body of the progress achieved in the implementation of the technical cooperation programme “Strengthening of the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association in Guatemala for the effective application of international labour standards”

The Committee recalls that: (i) on the basis of the Governing Body’s decision adopted in November 2018 (Decision GB.334/INS/9) to close the procedure of the complaint made under article 26 of the ILO Constitution alleging the violation of the Convention by the State of Guatemala, the Governing Body requested the Office to draw up a technical cooperation programme to promote progress in the application of the Road Map adopted in 2013 within the framework of the follow-up to the complaint; and (ii) at its 340th Session (October–November 2020), the Government Body welcomed the adoption of the technical cooperation programme, “Strengthening of the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association in Guatemala for the effective application of international labour standards” and requested the Office to report annually on its implementation at its October–November sessions for the duration of the three-year programme (Decision GB.340/INS/10).

The Committee notes the discussions at the 343rd Session of the Governing Body (October–November 2021) on the implementation of the technical cooperation programme and the decision of the Governing Body to note the information provided by the Office on this subject (Decision GB.343/INS/7)

Trade union rights and civil liberties. The Committee regrets to note that it has been examining since 2005 allegations of serious acts of violence against trade union leaders and members, including numerous murders and the related situation of impunity. The Committee also notes that the Committee on Freedom of Association examined at its session in October 2021 Case No. 2609, which brings together denunciations of acts of anti-union violence, including a very high number of murders of members of the trade union movement between 2004 and 2021 (see 396th Report, October 2021, Case No. 2609, paragraphs 307–348).

The Committee notes the information provided by the Government on the situation with regard to the investigations and prosecutions relating to the murders of 96 members of the trade union movement and its indications that: (i) 28 verdicts have so far been handed down, including 22 convictions (in relation to 19 murders, with three cases giving rise to two convictions each), five charges have been set aside and one security and remedial measure has been adopted; (ii) seven arrest warrants are still pending; (iii) three cases are at the stage of public hearings and trials; (iv) the criminal prosecutions lapsed in six cases in which the accused died; and (v) the other cases are still at the investigation stage. The Committee also notes the Government’s indication that progress was reported in 2020 in 13 cases that are under investigation. The Committee also notes the information provided by the Government on the security measures taken for members of the trade union movement who are at risk, in the context of which: (i) 55 risk analyses were carried out for members of the trade union movement during the course of 2020, with one personal security measure being provided and 47 perimeter security measures; and (ii) between 1 June and 31 August 2021, 19 risk analyses were carried out for members of the trade union movement, with 15 perimeter security measures being adopted.

The Committee also notes that the Government refers to its replies provided in the context of Case No. 2609. The Committee takes due note in this regard of the detailed information provided by the Government on the active role played by the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association (hereinafter the National Tripartite Committee) and its Subcommittee on the Implementation of the Road Map in monitoring the response of the criminal justice system to acts of anti-union violence. The Committee takes special note in this respect of the high-level meetings held by the National Tripartite Committee with the Office of the Public Prosecutor and the plenary of the Supreme Court, and that the Subcommittee on the Implementation of the Road Map specifically requested the competent authorities to ensure: (i) the exhaustive investigation of all cases of murders of members of the trade union movement, with emphasis on a series of 36 cases of special relevance; (ii) the reactivation of the Technical Trade Union Forum in the Office of the Public Prosecutor and the Standing Technical Trade Union Forum for Comprehensive Protection in the Ministry of the Interior; (iii) the facilitation by the judicial authorities of current prosecutions for murders of members of the trade union movement; (iv) the assignment of a criminal analysis unit to the Special Prosecutor’s Unit for Crimes against Trade Unionists; and (v) the strengthening of collaboration between the Office of the Public Prosecutor and the Ministry of the Interior in cases of requests for protection measures by members of the trade union movement.

The Committee takes due note of this information. It also observes that, despite the difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, two new convictions were handed down in 2021 in relation to murders of members of the trade union movement. At the same time, the Committee notes with deep concern : (i) the Government’s indications that the Office of the Public Prosecutor recorded six new cases of murders of members of the trade union movement in 2020; and (ii) the observations of the national trade union confederations and the ITUC denouncing the murder on 7 May 2021 of Ms Cinthia del Carmen Pineda Estrada, a trade union leader of the Education Workers’ Union of Guatemala (STEG), as well as other serious acts of anti-union violence committed in 2020 and 2021. While noting the Government’s replies in relation to the investigations carried out into these crimes, the Committee once again recalls that trade union rights can only be exercised in a climate free from violence, intimidation and threats of any kind against trade unionists and that it is for governments to ensure that this principle is respected.

In light of the above, while taking due note of the action that the Government is continuing to take, the results reported and the difficulties involved in shedding light on the oldest murder cases, the Committee once again expresses deep concern at the allegations of further murders and other acts of anti-union violence committed in 2021 and the persistence of a high level of impunity, as there have still been no convictions for the great majority of the numerous recorded murders of members of the trade union movement. Emphasizing the importance of the initiatives called for by the Subcommittee on the Implementation of the Road Map, the Committee once again urges the Government to continue to take and intensify as a matter of urgency all the necessary measures to: (i) investigate all acts of violence against trade union leaders and members with a view to determining responsibilities and punishing the perpetrators and instigators of these acts, taking the trade union activities of the victims fully into account in the investigations; and (ii) provide prompt and effective protection for all trade union leaders and members who are at risk in order to prevent any further acts of anti-union violence. With reference to the specific action required in this regard, the Committee refers to the recommendations made by the Committee on Freedom of Association in Case No. 2609.

Legislative issues

Articles 2 and 3 of the Convention. The Committee recalls that for many years it has been requesting the Government to take measures to:

-amend section 215(c) of the Labour Code, which requires a membership of “50 per cent plus one” of the workers in the sector to establish a sectoral trade union;
-amend sections 220 and 223 of the Labour Code, which establish the requirement to be of Guatemalan origin and to work in the relevant enterprise or economic activity to be eligible for election as a trade union leader;
-amend section 241 of the Labour Code, under the terms of which strikes have to be called by a majority of the workers and not by a majority of those casting votes;
-amend section 4(d), (e) and (g) of Decree No. 71-86, as amended by Legislative Decree No. 35-96 of 27 March 1996, which provides for the possibility of imposing compulsory arbitration in non-essential services and establishes other obstacles to the right to strike;
-amend sections 390(2) and 430 of the Penal Code and Decree No. 71-86, which establish labour, civil and criminal penalties in the event of a strike by public officials or workers in certain enterprises; and
-ensure that the various categories of public sector workers (hired under item 029 and other items of the budget) enjoy the guarantees afforded by the Convention.

The Committee also recalls that in its comments in 2018, 2019 and 2020 it noted that: (i) the tripartite agreement concluded in February 2018 on the amendments sought in four of the six points indicated above (relating to the requirements to be elected as a trade union leader, compulsory arbitration in non-essential services, penalties applicable in the event of a strike, and the application of the guarantees of the Convention to various categories of public sector workers); (ii) the submission on 7 March 2019 of this tripartite agreement to the Labour Commission of the Congress of the Republic so that the examination of Bill No. 5199 could be set aside, as it did not have the support of the social partners, and instead a legislative reform could be adopted based on tripartite agreement; and (iii) the tripartite agreement concluded in August 2018 on the principles that should guide reforms on two of the other points in the above list relating, on the one hand, to the requirements for the establishment and operation of sectoral unions and, on the other, the conditions for strike ballots.

The Committee notes that in its latest report the Government confines itself to: (i) indicating that the legislative amendments requested by the Committee form part of the work plan of the National Tripartite Committee and its legislative subcommittee; (ii) recalling once again that Bill No. 5199, designed to respond to the Committee’s observations, had been submitted to the Congress of the Republic on 27 October 2016, but that the social partners called for it to be set aside and the discussion was to continue with a view to reaching consensus on the reforms to be adopted; (iii) indicating that, at the meeting on 22 April 2021 of the National Tripartite Committee, the Government submitted a draft legislative initiative based on the tripartite agreements on the four points referred to above covered by a full tripartite agreement, which had been submitted to the Congress of the Republic on 7 March 2018, with a full discussion on the reasoning given for the draft legislative initiative.

While noting the information provided by the Government, the Committee observes with deep concern the lack of specific progress in bringing the legislation into conformity with the Convention, despite the repeated requests by the various ILO supervisory bodies and the Governing Body and the serious impact of the legislative provisions concerned on the effective exercise of freedom of association. In this regard, the Committee recalls that in its previous comments it noted with concern the indications by the trade union organizations that the combination of: (i) the fact that it is impossible to create sectoral unions as a result of the requirements of section 215(c); and (ii) that it is impossible in small enterprises, which account for almost all companies in Guatemala, to assemble the 20 workers required by section 216 of the Labour Code for the establishment of a union, mean that the great majority of workers in the country do not have access to the right to join unions. While emphasizing the importance of reforms of labour legislation being the subject of consultation with the social partners and, in so far as possible, giving rise to tripartite consensus, the Committee emphasizes that, in the last resort, it is the responsibility of the Government to take the necessary decisions to ensure compliance with the international commitments assumed by the State through the ratification of international labour Conventions. The Committee therefore urges the Government to take the necessary measures without delay to bring the national legislation into conformity with the Convention. The Committee hopes to receive specific information in the near future on the tangible progress achieved in this regard.

Application of the Convention in practice

Registration of trade unions. In its previous comments, the Committee once again invited the Government and the trade unions to take major steps forward in their dialogue on facilitating the process of trade union registration. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that it is strengthening the public register of trade unions of the General Directorate of Labour through the development of an information technology tool that will facilitate the processes. The Committee also notes from document GB.343/INS/7, submitted to the Governing Body at its session in October-November 2021, that: (i) the Office is providing assistance for the project for the strengthening of the public register of trade unions; (ii) according to the information provided by the Government, of the 52 applications for registration received in 2020 by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, 28 resulted in registrations, 16 were rejected and eight are still being processed; and (iii) of the 39 applications received in 2021 between 1 January and 16 September, 12 resulted in registrations, nine were rejected and 18 are still being processed. Noting from the information provided by the Government that more than one third of the applications for registration of trade unions reviewed in the past two years have been rejected and a significant number of applications are still being processed several months after their submission, the Committee once again encourages the Government, with the technical assistance of the Office and in dialogue with the national representative organizations, to make progress in facilitating the process of trade union registration.

Awareness-raising campaign on freedom of association and collective bargaining. The Committee recalls that this campaign is one of the commitments made by the Government through the Road Map adopted in 2013. In its previous comments, the Committee urged the Government, with the support of the social partners and the technical cooperation programme prepared by the Office, to take all the necessary measures to ensure that the awareness-raising campaign is given real visibility in the national mass media. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that it is awaiting the approval of the Multiannual Operations Programme of the European Union programme on support for decent employment in Guatemala, which includes specific action to address the subjects of freedom of association and collective bargaining within the framework of the corresponding ILO Conventions. While noting that the action taken in response to the emergencies resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic may have made it difficult to take action in this regard, the Committee regrets the lack of specific initiatives for the dissemination of the awareness-raising campaign. The Committee therefore once again urges the Government to take measures for the effective dissemination of the awareness-raising campaign on freedom of association and collective bargaining in the national mass media.

Regretting, despite the existence of the National Tripartite Committee and the technical assistance provided by the Office, the absence of specific progress over the past three years, the Committee urges the Government to take all the necessary measures to resolve, in the near future, the serious violations of the Convention that have been noted for many years.

The Committee is raising other matters in a request addressed directly to the Government.

The Committee notes the observations of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), received on 1 September 2021, referring to issues examined by the Committee in the present comment. The Committee also notes the joint observations of the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala, received on 31 August 2021, containing numerous allegations of anti-union discrimination and obstruction to collective bargaining, in both the private and public sector. While noting the Government’s replies to these observations, the Committee requests it to provide specific follow-up to each of the cases highlighted by the trade union organizations with a view to ensuring the application of the guarantees established by the Convention.

The Committee also notes the Government’s comments on the issues raised in 2020 by the national trade union organizations concerning the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the application of the Convention.

In its previous comments, the Committee noted the closure by the Governing Body of the complaint made in 2012 under article 26 of the ILO Constitution, concerning non-observance of the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87). The Committee recalls that in the follow-up to the above-mentioned complaint and in the road map adopted by the Government in 2013 in the context of the complaint, several issues had been raised with regard to the implementation of Convention No. 98. The Committee noted that during the 340th Session of the Governing Council (October–November 2020), the Governing Body had welcomed the technical cooperation project “Strengthening of the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association in Guatemala for the effective application of international labour standards” and had requested the Office to present an annual report on the implementation of the project at its October–November meetings, during the three-year project duration (decision GB/340/INS/10). The Committee notes the discussions held at the 343rd Session of the Governing Council (October–November 2021) regarding the implementation of the above-mentioned project and the decision of the Governing Body to take note of the information provided by the Office in this respect (decision GB.343/INS/7).

Article 1 of the Convention. Protection against anti-union discrimination. Activities of the General Labour Inspectorate. In the context of the implementation of Legislative Decree No. 7/2017, which had restored the power of the General Labour Inspectorate to impose penalties, and after underlining the vital importance of labour inspection in achieving adequate protection against acts of anti-union discrimination, especially in a context of numerous complaints on this matter, the Committee, in its previous comment, noted: (i) the first figures provided by the General Labour Inspectorate concerning anti-union acts and their treatment; and (ii) the forthcoming adoption of the Ministerial Agreement that will render operational the General Labour Inspectorate Tripartite Advisory Council, which is the appropriate forum for the labour inspection services and the social partners to exchange views on improving the implementation of Decree No. 7/2017. The Committee notes that, in its latest report, the Government: (i) provides information, within the framework of the Single Protocol on Procedures of the General Labour Inspectorate, on the existence and application of the special investigation procedure on freedom of association and collective bargaining, the content of which was revised in 2017; (ii) indicates that, according to the Statistics Bureau, the General Labour Inspectorate received, between 2017 and 17 May 2021, 352 complaints relating to the exercise of freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining; (iii) reports that, with the support of the ILO through the project, “Supporting respect for workers’ labour conditions in the agricultural export sector in Guatemala”, the General Labour Inspectorate is revising its electronic case system; and (iv) between 1 January 2020 and May 2021, the General Labour Inspectorate organized 34 dialogue forums, aimed at settling collective disputes with results achieved in four cases to date. While noting the information provided by the Government, the Committee notes that it has not received information on the inspection activities and decisions taken by the General Labour Inspectorate in relation to the complaints of anti-union acts registered, or on initiatives, including through the functioning of the General Labour Inspectorate’s Tripartite Advisory Council, aimed at strengthening the effectiveness of the Inspectorate with regard to protection against anti-union discrimination. The Committee therefore once again requests the Government to strengthen the measures taken to ensure that violations of trade union and collective bargaining rights are dealt with by the General Labour Inspectorate as a matter of priority, and that, with the above-mentioned support of the Office, an effective information system is set up shortly to follow up on inspection activities in this area. The Committee trusts that the Government will provide full information in this respect, including the statistics requested in its previous comments.

Effective judicial proceedings. For many years, the Committee has expressed concern, along with the Committee on Freedom of Association, at the many complaints alleging the persistent slowness of judicial procedures in relation to anti-union discrimination and the high level of non-compliance with reinstatement orders. The Committee notes that the Government refers firstly to general initiatives aimed at expediting all judicial procedures relating to labour, which include: (i) the transformation of the labour and social security courts into jurisdictional bodies with several magistrates; (ii) the restructuring of the units that make up the Auxiliary Services Centre of the Labour Law Administration; (iii) implementation of digitalized measures and tools at various stages of proceedings; and (iv) the continuation of the examination by the Congress of the Republic of the Code of Labour Procedure developed by the Supreme Court of Justice. The Committee notes the information provided by the Government on the status of the proceedings of the 7,113 legal actions for reinstatement filed between 1 January 2020 and 9 April 2021 (6,980 pertaining to State employees, 133 pertaining to individual workers), which resulted in: (i) 131 withdrawals and dismissals; and (ii) 2,165 final decisions of reinstatement, of which 197 were implemented and 1,795 were subject to appeal. The Committee further notes the Government’s indication that the Attorney General’s Office, Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MTPS), Office of the Auditor General, Public Prosecutor’s Office, National Civil Service Office and the judiciary participated in working groups to identify mechanisms to improve implementation of reinstatement processes proposed by public sector workers. In light of the above, the Committee notes that: (i) the general statistics provided by the Government on the judicial treatment of reinstatement applications continue to indicate a significant backlog of cases pending before the courts and the persistence of a high number of reinstatement orders handed down by the courts that have not been complied with; and (ii) national and international trade union organizations continue to denounce, in the private and public sectors, numerous cases of anti-union discrimination and non-compliance with reinstatement orders. Regretting yet again the absence of specific information, the Committee urges once again the Government to take, as a matter of priority, actions to provide an effective judicial response to the cases of anti-union discrimination. In this regard, the Committee urges once again the Government to: (i) take measures as soon as possible, in coordination with all the competent authorities, to overcome the obstacles to effective compliance with the reinstatement orders handed down by the courts; and (ii) take the necessary steps to ensure that, in consultation with the social partners, new procedural rules are adopted so that all cases of anti-union discrimination are examined by the courts in summary proceedings and the respective court rulings are implemented rapidly. Noting that the draft Code of Labour Procedure is still being examined by the Congress of the Republic, the Committee recalls that the content of this text may benefit from the technical assistance of the Office. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on any progress in this respect.

Article 4. Promotion of collective bargaining. In its previous comments, the Committee noted with growing concern that the already extremely low number of collective agreements agreed and approved in the country continues to decline. In light of this situation, the Committee requested the Government to make use, with the support of the technical cooperation programme developed by the Office, of the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association (hereinafter the National Tripartite Committee) to examine with the social partners the obstacles, both legislative and practical, to the effective promotion of collective bargaining so that it is able to take measures to promote collective bargaining at all levels. In this regard, the Committee expressed the firm hope that the agreement of August 2018 concerning the principles on which the reform of the labour legislation should be based will soon be reflected in the adoption of legislation in the very near future.

The Committee notes the Government’s information that: (i) the legislative reforms requested by the Committee concerning freedom of association and collective bargaining are part of the work plan of the National Tripartite Committee and its Labour Policy and Legislation Subcommittee, and have resulted in meetings of the National Tripartite Committee with the Subcommittee; (ii) the support of the Office has been requested for a workshop on collective bargaining that will be held by the end of the year; and (iii) with the support of the Office, a campaign on decent work for the agricultural sector is being developed, which includes the themes of freedom of association and collective bargaining. The Committee further notes that, according to data provided by the Government in the information attached to document GB/343/INS/7 submitted to the Governing Body at its October–November 2021 session, 12 collective labour agreements were signed and approved during 2020 and 11 agreements between 1 January and 13 September 2021.

The Committee regrets to note that the number of signed collective agreements remains very low and that no progress has been made to overcome the legislative and practical obstacles to the effective realization of the right to collective bargaining in the country. While referring to its comments concerning the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87) and the Rural Workers’ Organisations Convention, 1975 (No. 141) on the need for the Government to effect the legislative reforms that have been requested for many years to bring the legislation into conformity with the ratified Conventions concerning freedom of association and collective bargaining, the Committee once again urges the Government to take tangible measures to effectively promote collective bargaining at all levels. Recalling that the Government has the technical assistance of the Office, the Committee hopes to receive information on progress made in this respect.

Articles 4 and 6. Promotion of collective bargaining in the public sector. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to facilitate the process of the approval of collective agreements in the public sector. In light of allegations that the Public Prosecutor’s Office was legally challenging the benefits granted through a series of collective agreements, the Committee also requested the Government to take all possible steps to promote the negotiated, consensual settlement of any disputes that arise regarding the supposedly excessive nature of certain clauses in collective agreements in the public sector. In its previous comments, the Committee also encouraged the Government’s efforts to ensure that collective bargaining in the public sector takes place in a clear and balanced regulatory framework.

The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the subjects referred to above have been submitted to the Labour Policy and Legislation Subcommittee of the National Tripartite Committee and that they are part of its work plan. The Committee also notes the indications of the Public Prosecutor’s Office, that it takes due account of the fundamental right to collective bargaining while ensuring, through prior monitoring of the content of collective agreements in the public sector, respect for the rule of law. While taking due note of this information, the Committee notes that: (i) it does not have updated information on the various decisions to approve public sector collective agreements and their time lines; (ii) as noted in Case No. 3179 examined by the Committee on Freedom of Association (393rd Report of the Committee, March 2021), legal challenges on the validity of certain clauses of the collective agreement of the health sector are ongoing; (iii) the trade union organizations continue to question the grounds for not approving certain collective agreements, decisions which, according to the Government, are due to the need to remove certain unlawful clauses from the agreements in question; and (iv) no new information has been received from the Government to strengthen the regulatory framework of public sector collective bargaining. In light of the above, the Committee requests the Government to provide information on: (i) the time lines for approving public sector collective agreements and the grounds for the decisions not to approve certain agreements; and (ii) the development of cases in which the validity of certain clauses of public sector collective agreements has been legally challenged. The Committee also reminds the Government that it may avail itself of the technical assistance of the Office to strengthen the regulatory framework of public sector collective bargaining.

Application of the Convention in practice. Maquila sector. In its previous comments, having noted with concern that the unionization rate in the sector was below 1 per cent and that the approval of only one collective agreement covering a maquila (export processing) enterprise was known in recent years, the Committee requested the Government to take specific initiatives to promote collective bargaining in the maquila sector. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that: (i) from 1 January 2020 to 17 May 2021, the MTPS recorded three applications for registration of trade unions of the maquila sector, two of which resulted in comments (“previos”) of the labour administration and one, received on 6 May, which was waiting to be examined; (ii) a collective agreement of an enterprise in the maquila sector was approved in 2020; (iii) the MTPS regularly conducts training on labour rights, including collective rights, particularly aimed at women maquila workers; and (iv) the Maquila Coordination Committee, which brings together institutions and organizations that develop actions for women workers in the clothing and textile industry, has been strengthened. While noting this information, the Committee regrets to note that collective rights are still barely exercised in the maquila sector and that there is an absence of initiatives effectively focused on promoting them. The Committee therefore urges the Government to take specific initiatives to promote freedom of association and collective bargaining in the maquila sector and requests it to provide information in this respect.

Application of the Convention in municipal authorities. In its previous comments, in view of the large number of allegations of violations of the Convention in various municipalities in the country, the Committee expressed its concern at the information that both labour inspections and court decisions are often insufficient to resolve situations involving violations of the Convention, especially in relation to cases of anti-union dismissals of municipal workers. The Committee notes that: (i) the General Labour Inspectorate participated in dialogue forums following the dismissal of municipal union workers; and (ii) the National Association of Municipalities of the Republic of Guatemala affirms its support of fundamental labour rights but states that it must obtain the consensus of the country’s 340 municipalities in order to be able to participate in dialogue forums. The Committee also regrets to note that the 2021 observations of the national trade union organizations once again denounce many cases of violation of the Convention involving the leaders and members of municipal workers’ trade unions. The Committee therefore once again urges the Government to take all necessary measures, including the adoption of legislation if necessary, to ensure the application of the Convention in the municipalities. The Committee requests the Government to keep it informed of any progress achieved in this respect.

Tripartite dispute settlement in relation to freedom of association and collective bargaining. In its previous comment, the Committee emphasized the important role that the Subcommittee on Mediation and Dispute Settlement of the National Tripartite Committee can play in a context of numerous allegations of anti-union discrimination and noted that the technical cooperation programme developed by the Office provides for its strengthening. The Committee notes from document GB/343/INS/7 that: (i) in 2020, members of the Subcommittee on Mediation and Dispute Settlement participated, with the support of the Office, in a distance training course of the International Training Centre of the ILO on conciliation and mediation of labour disputes, as well as an international event on social dialogue in 2021; (ii) in 2020, the Subcommittee held six ordinary sessions at which two requests for the examination of cases were received and declared admissible; (iii) from 1 January to 16 September 2021, the Subcommittee held one ordinary session at which one request for the examination of a case was received but it has not yet been declared admissible; and (iv) in the period under review, no mediation or dispute settlement meetings were held. While it considers that the restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic may have had an impact on the activities of the Subcommittee, the Committee regrets to note the lack of meetings held by the Subcommittee on Mediation and Dispute Settlement to settle certain disputes. The Committee expresses the firm hope that the Government will be able to provide information in the near future on the tangible contribution of this Subcommittee to the resolution of collective conflicts and the strengthening of social dialogue in the country.

Regretting that, despite the existence of the National Tripartite Committee and the technical assistance provided by the Office, no tangible progress has been made in the last three years, the Committee recalls that it falls to the Government to take decisions necessary for the fulfilment of the State’s international commitments made through the ratification of international labour conventions. The Committee therefore urges the Government to take the necessary measures to remedy as soon as possible the serious violations of the Convention that the Committee has been noting for many years.

[The Government is asked to reply in full to the present comments in 2023.]

The Committee takes note of the supplementary information provided by the Government in light of the decision adopted by the Governing Body at it 338th Session (June 2020). The Committee proceeded with the examination of the application of the Convention on the basis of the supplementary information received from the Government in 2020, as well as on the basis of the information at its disposal in 2019.

The Committee notes that the Government’s report does not reply to the 2014 observations of the Trade Union of Workers of Guatemala (UNSITRAGUA) regarding: the engagement and recruitment of agricultural workers; wages; payment of overtime hours; annual paid holiday; registration with the Guatemalan Institute of Social Security (IGSS); migrant workers; health and safety conditions; housing and food; and child labour and labour inspection. The Committee once again requests the Government to provide its comments in this regard.

Part II of the Convention. Engagement and recruitment and migrant workers. Articles 5–19 of the Convention. The Committee notes the adoption of the Agricultural Policy 2016-2020, which includes focal points, guidelines and actions aimed at, inter alia, commercial producers. According to the typology of producers established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food based on the size of the farms that they occupy and their socio-economic conditions, three per cent of agricultural producers are classed as commercial producers and occupy 65 per cent of arable land. The Committee notes that, according to the 2016 National Employment and Income Survey (ENEI) of the Guatemalan National Institute of Statistics (INE), 28.8 per cent of employment in the country is in the agricultural sector, 89.5 per cent of whom are men and 10.4 per cent are women. Furthermore, the agricultural sector has the highest percentage of persons in informal employment (36.9 per cent). The Committee observes, however, that this statistical data does not indicate which of these workers work on plantations. Noting that the Government does not provide information on this part of the Convention, the Committee once again requests it to provide detailed and updated information on the measures taken to give full effect to Articles 5 to 19 of the Convention, and information on the national policies adopted recently, including the Agricultural Policy 2016-2020, which cover the plantation sector, and their impact on the living and working conditions of workers in the sector.

Part IV (Wages). Articles 24–35. The Committee notes the adoption of Government Decision No. 250-2020 of 30 December 2020, which establishes the daily minimum wage in the agricultural sector at 90.16 quetzals (approximately US$12) per day. The Committee also refers to its comments from 2019 on the application of the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), in which it noted that, in its 2019 annual report, the UN Office of the High Commissioner in Guatemala highlighted that several workers on plantations in the Northern Transversal Strip had reported the use of illegal contractors who charge workers to be hired, high production goals, and payment of less than the minimum wage (A/HRC/40/3/Add.1, 28 January 2019, paragraph 76). The Committee requests the Government to take measures to ensure that the social partners are consulted regularly on matters affecting the implementation of the Convention. The Government is also requested to provide detailed and updated information on the manner in which the representatives of the employers’ and workers’ organizations concerned were consulted with regard to the determination of the minimum wage in 2020, as required by Article 24 of the Convention. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on the manner in which it ensures that workers in the plantation sector receive at least the established minimum wage, including information on the number and results of inspections conducted with regard to the payment of the minimum wage on plantations.

Part XI (Labour inspection). Articles 71–84. In its previous comments, the Committee referred to its 2014 comments made under the Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129) and noted the observations of workers’ organizations denouncing the Government’s failure to supervise compliance with labour legislation on dozens of plantations. The Committee also noted the extensive use of child labour on coffee, sugar cane, cardamom and cotton plantations, and requested the Government to provide detailed information on the specific measures taken to supervise and control the working conditions of under-aged workers on plantations. In this regard, the Committee notes that the Universal Period Review (UPR) Working Group of the UN Human Rights Council, in its 2017 report, indicated that, despite the reduction in child labour, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights had reiterated its concern about the continuing economic exploitation of children in sectors such as agriculture (A/HRC/WG.6/28/GTM/2, paragraph 70). In this regard, the Committee observes that, according to the 2016 National Employment and Income Survey of the INE, the agricultural sector has the highest percentage of child labour (58.8 per cent) with a greater number of boys engaged than girls. The Committee further notes the statistical data provided by the Government which indicate that 1,290 labour inspections were conducted between 2018 and 2019. The Committee observes, however, that only inspections under the heading “sugar and African palm” refer, in general, to those conducted on plantations and that these related to the verification of the payment of the minimum wage, end-of-year bonuses, and annual bonuses, as well worker-employer documentation and health and safety measures. The Committee also notes that the Ministry of Labour and Social Security published, in 2017, a single protocol on procedures for the labour inspection system, which includes a procedure for the inspection and verification of the rights of agricultural workers, and which specifies the steps to be followed to conduct an inspection of an agricultural enterprise or plantation. The Committee also notes the information provided by the Government in its supplementary report regarding the measures taken with a view to mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the working and living conditions of workers. These measures include the adoption of Decree No. 13-2020, Act on the provision of economic relief for families from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which establishes a fund for the protection of employment, and the creation of an electronic procedure for the registration, control and authorization of collective suspensions of employment contracts, by means of which employers have the authority to request the individual or collective suspension of employment contracts before the General Labour Inspectorate, and subsequently request the Ministry of the Economy to compensate the workers. The Government indicates that enterprises with an economic activity identified as the “manufacture of rubber products and agriculture” requested the suspension of the employment contracts of 69 and 168 workers, respectively. The Committee requests the Government to: (i) continue providing detailed statistical data on the inspections conducted on plantations, including the violations of labour laws reported, in accordance with Article 74(1)(a) of the Convention, and the penalties imposed; (ii) indicate the specific measures taken by the labour inspectorate to supervise and control the working conditions of under-aged plantation workers; (iii) provide detailed information on the impact of the single protocol on procedures for the labour inspection system on the inspections conducted on plantations, including disaggregated statistical information on inspections conducted on banana plantations. Lastly, the Committee requests the Government to supply information on the impact of the measures taken to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the working and living conditions of plantation workers.

In order to provide a comprehensive view of the issues relating to the application of ratified Conventions on labour inspection, the Committee considers it appropriate to examine Conventions Nos 81 (labour inspection) and 129 (labour inspection in agriculture) together in a single comment.

The Committee notes the information provided by the Government in reply to its previous comments in relation to Article 7 of Convention No. 81 and Article 9(3) of Convention No. 129 (adequate training of labour inspectors) and Article 16 of Convention No. 81 and Article 21 of Convention No. 129 (inspection of workplaces as often and as thoroughly as necessary).

Articles 10 and 16 of Convention No. 81 and Articles 14 and 21 of Convention No. 129. Number of labour inspectors and inspections. Frequency of labour inspections. The Committee notes that, with reference to its previous comment concerning the personnel of the labour inspection services, the Government: (i) indicates that the labour inspection personnel of the General Labour Inspectorate cover both the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors; and (ii) provides information on the number of labour inspectors between 2017 and 2020 and on their geographical distribution, specifying that there were 219 inspectors in 2017, 208 in 2018, 203 in 2019 and 172 in 2020 at the national level. In this regard, the Committee notes from prior Government reports that the number of labour inspectors has declined even further since 2015, when the number was 270; it further notes that, according to the Government’s explanations, the reasons for the decrease in the number of labour inspectors include the promotion of certain inspectors to positions as departmental delegates and the unilateral termination of the employment relationship by inspectors, on the one hand, to benefit from the voluntary retirement package envisaged in the collective agreement on working conditions in force in the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MTPS) and, on the other, to undertake activities related to their profession following the completion of their studies. The Committee also notes the Government’s indication that it is in the process of recruiting 14 labour inspectors for the delegation of the department of Guatemala and that it is planned to issue the call for the recruitment of another 14 labour inspectors for the departmental delegations in the interior of the country. With regard to the inspections carried out, the Committee notes that only the report on the work of the General Labour Inspectorate services for 2020 contains full information on the number of inspections undertaken in relation to operational plans, denunciations and scheduled inspections (18,916 inspections, including 761 inspections of agricultural undertakings). The Committee requests the Government to provide detailed information on the measures adopted or envisaged to continue increasing the number of labour inspectors, and for the retention of inspectors in the labour inspection services, in all the departmental delegations at the national level. The Committee also requests the Government to continue including information on the personnel of the labour inspection services and statistics on the inspections carried out (under operational plans, in response to denunciations and scheduled inspections), including in agricultural undertakings, in the annual reports on the work of the General Labour Inspectorate services, in accordance with Article 21(b) and (d) of Convention No. 81 and Article 27(b) and (d) of Convention No. 129. It also requests the Government to continue providing information on the geographical distribution of labour inspectors at the national level.

Article 14 of Convention No. 81 and Article 19(1) of Convention No. 129. Notification to the labour inspectorate of industrial accidents and cases of occupational disease. With reference to its previous comments on the adoption of measures for the operation of the harmonized system for the notification of industrial accidents and cases of occupational disease to the labour inspectorate, the Government indicates that: (i) employers notify the MTPS, through the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH), of reports of industrial accidents and occupational diseases, in accordance with Ministerial Decision No. 191-2010; (ii) to facilitate the submission of these reports by employers, the MTPS has created, on the website of the Department of OSH, a space containing a single form to report industrial accidents, which has now resulted in a subregister of industrial accidents; and (iii) the MTPS does not have a harmonized register bringing together the information of the General Labour Inspectorate and the Department of OSH. In this regard, the Committee notes that, according to the report on the work of the General Labour Inspectorate services for 2020, the General Labour Inspectorate does not keep a register of industrial accidents or occupational diseases, as that is the responsibility of the Department of OSH of the General Directorate of Social Welfare. The Committee also notes that, according to the statistics provided by the Government, the number of industrial accidents reported by employers to the MTPS has tended to rise between 2017 and 2020. Noting the absence of information on this subject, the Committee requests the Government to specify whether in practice employers also submit reports to the MTPS on cases of occupational disease, as envisaged by Ministerial Decision No. 191-2010 and, if so, whether it has a register of such reports. The Committee also requests the Government to adopt specific measures to ensure that the labour inspection services receive or have access to notifications of industrial accidents and cases of occupational diseases provided by employers to the MTPS under the terms of the above Ministerial Decision, in accordance with Article 14 of Convention No. 81 and Article 19(1) of Convention No. 129. Finally, the Committee requests the Government to explain the reasons leading to the reporting of a rise in the number of industrial accidents by employers to the MTPS between 2017 and 2020.

Article 15(c) of Convention No. 81 and Article 20(c) of Convention No. 129. Confidentiality of the source of any complaint and that a visit of inspection was made in consequence of the receipt of such a complaint. The Committee notes that, in reply to its request for information on the measures adopted to ensure that inspectors are required to treat as confidential the source of any complaint, the Government indicates that: (i) under the terms of section 281(g) of the Labour Code, departmental delegates and labour inspectors are criminally, civilly and administratively liable for any unlawful acts, particularly if they divulge data obtained through their inspections or controls, and may even be terminated; and (ii) the legislation therefore limits the freedom of labour inspectors to divulge the identity of a complainant who indicates that the complaint is to remain anonymous, in which case the name of the complainant is not included in the file. Noting that the information provided by the Government does not allow the conclusion that full effect is given to the requirements of Article 15(c) of Convention No. 81 and Article 20(c) of Convention No. 129, the Committee requests the Government to indicate whether specific legislative or other measures have been adopted to ensure that labour inspectors are required to treat as absolutely confidential the source of any complaint, including in cases in which the complainant does not request that the complaint be treated anonymously, and shall give no intimation to the employer or his or her representative that a visit of inspection was made in consequence of the receipt of such a complaint, in accordance with Article 15(c) of Convention No. 81 and Article 20(c) of Convention No. 129.

Article 18 of Convention No. 81 and Article 24 of Convention No. 129. Adequate and effectively enforced penalties. With reference to its request for information on the penalties imposed by the labour inspectorate and their numbers, the Committee notes the information provided by the Government on the number of penalties imposed and the amount of the fines paid in each departmental delegation between 2018 and 2020. The Government also provides information on the number of cases in which it was found that the labour inspectorate was obstructed in its work between 2017 and 2020 in the departmental delegations of Guatemala and Sacatepéquez. The Committee notes that the annual report on the work of the General Labour Inspectorate services for 2020 contains information on the number of violations identified and the penalties imposed by the labour inspectorate. The Committee requests the Government to continue including statistics of the violations identified and penalties imposed, including in agricultural undertakings, in the annual reports on the work of the General Labour Inspectorate services, in accordance with Article 21(e) of Convention No. 81 and Article 27(e) of Convention No. 129. The Committee also requests it to provide differentiated information on the penalties imposed at the national level for violations of legal provisions that are enforceable by labour inspectors and penalties in cases of the obstruction of labour inspectors in the discharge of their duties.

The Committee also notes that the Government reports the adoption in 2017 and 2018, respectively, of the instruction creating the register of labour and social welfare violations of the General Labour Inspectorate (Ministerial Decision No. 285-2017, as amended by Ministerial Decision No. 332-2020). The Committee requests the Government to provide detailed information on: (i) the creation and operation of the register of labour and social welfare violations of the General Labour Inspectorate; and (ii) the impact that the register and the implementation of the instruction respecting the imposition of penalties by the General Labour Inspectorate has had on the effective enforcement of the penalties imposed in cases of violations of the legal provisions enforceable by labour inspectors and in cases of the obstruction of inspectors in the discharge of their duties.

Articles 20 and 21 of Convention No. 81 and Articles 26 and 27 of Convention No. 129. Annual report on the work of the inspection services. With reference to its previous comments, the Committee notes that the Government has supplied the reports on the work of the General Labour Inspectorate services for 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, published on the website of the MTPS, which include information on the work of the labour inspection services in agriculture. The Committee notes in particular that the 2020 report contains information on the items enumerated in clauses (a) (laws and regulations relevant to the work of the inspection service), (b) (staff of the labour inspection service), (d) (statistics of inspection visits) and (e) (statistics of violations and penalties imposed) of Article 21 of Convention No. 81 and Article 27 of Convention No. 129. The Committee requests the Government to adopt the necessary measures to ensure that future annual reports on the work of the inspection services continue to cover consistently the subjects contained in the report on the work of the General Labour Inspectorate services for 2020 and that they also cover the following subjects: statistics of workplaces liable to inspection and the number of workers employed therein (Article 21(c) of Convention No. 81 and Article 27(c) of Convention No. 129); statistics of industrial accidents (Article 21(f) of Convention No. 81 and Article 27(f) of Convention No. 129); and statistics of occupational diseases (Article 21(g) of Convention No. 81 and Article 27(g) of Convention No. 129).

Article 3 of the Convention. Right of all rural workers to establish organizations of their own choosing without previous authorization. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to provide statistics on the number of rural workers’ unions and associations existing in the country, and the number of their members. The Committee notes with concern the Government’s indication that: (i) of the 725 organizations of rural workers registered by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, nine have legal personalities that are currently valid, while the legal personalities of the other 716 have lapsed; and (ii) only 0.79 per cent of the rural economically active population belongs to any type of union (the Committee observes that it is not specified whether this percentage of unionized rural workers refers specifically to the members of unions with a currently valid legal personality, or whether it also includes workers who are members of organizations for which the legal personality has lapsed).

The Committee emphasizes that compliance with Article 3 of the Convention presupposes in the first place the elimination of legislative obstacles that may impede the freedom of rural workers to establish trade unions. The Committee recalls in this regard the comments that it has been making for many years in the context of the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87), concerning the need to amend section 215(c) of the Labour Code, which requires a membership of “50 per cent plus one” of the workers in a sector to establish a sectoral trade union. The Committee also recalls in this context that it noted with concern the indications by the trade union confederations that the combination of: (i) the fact that it is impossible to create sectoral unions as a result of the requirements of section 215(c); and (ii) that it is impossible in small enterprises, which account for almost all companies in Guatemala, to assemble the 20 workers required by section 216 of the Labour Code for the establishment of a union, which means that the great majority of workers in the country do not have access to the right to union membership. The Committee notes in this regard that the rural sector is generally characterized by a high incidence of small enterprises, which makes it particularly important to remove legislative obstacles to the possibility of establishing sectoral unions in agriculture. Recalling that Paragraph 8 of the Rural Workers’ Organisations Recommendation, 1975 (No. 149), specifically emphasizes that the relevant laws and regulations should be fully adapted to the special needs of rural areas in relation to requirements regarding minimum membership for the establishment of organizations, the Committee urges the Government to take the necessary measures in the near future to amend the requirements relating to the establishment of sectoral unions set out in section 215(c) of the Labour Code in accordance with the Conventions ratified by Guatemala, and to facilitate and extend the possibilities for the establishment of unions that cover workers in several enterprises in the rural sector. The Committee hopes to be able to note tangible progress in this regard in the near future and requests the Government to provide the corresponding information.

In response to serious allegations of anti-union practices in the agricultural sector, the Committee also previously requested the Government to provide information on the action taken by the labour inspectorate to ensure that rural workers are freely able to exercise their right to organize. The Committee notes the Government’s indications in this regard that: (i) as rural workers enjoy the same trade union rights as other workers, the General Labour Inspectorate (IGT) applies the same general measures in the rural sector, and particularly the special procedure for investigations into freedom of association and collective bargaining and the procedure relating to cases of social dialogue in labour matters; (ii) similarly, it is the responsibility of the General Labour Inspectorate, in both the rural and other sectors, to ensure the employment security of the trade union leaders appointed by the members of their organizations; (iii) on this basis, the General Labour Inspectorate systematically includes freedom of association and collective bargaining in its inspection plans for agricultural enterprises and plantations; (iv) between 2016 and 21 May 2021, the General Labour Inspectorate received 246 complaints from trade unions in the rural sector; and (v) during the same period, the General Labour Inspectorate assisted 11 dialogue forums in the rural sector (ten forums in the same enterprise and one forum for several enterprises in the same area) and registered the establishment of 83 ad hoc workers’ committees in rural enterprises (temporary committees composed of a maximum of three workers governed by section 374 of the Labour Code, through which workers and employers can resolve differences).

The Committee also notes the Government’s indication that the inspection of working conditions in the rural sector gives rise to specific challenges and difficulties, including the seasonality of work and contracts, linguistic barriers with indigenous workers, difficulties of access to certain enterprises or plantations in remote locations and/or guarded by security personnel and the weak trade union organization in the sector. The Committee notes in this regard that, among the good inspection practices emphasized by the Government, it is envisaged that inspectors will coordinate inspections with any unions or ad hoc committees that may exist, based on a prior risk assessment with a view to avoiding any reprisals against workers’ representatives. Lastly, the Committee notes that the action of the General Labour Inspectorate in the rural sector is currently supported by the Office through the implementation of the cooperation project on “Supporting respect for the working conditions of workers in the agro-export sector in Guatemala”.

The Committee takes due note of this information and observes that it shows that the General Labour Inspectorate has clearly identified the substantial difficulties relating to the protection of the exercise of trade union rights in the rural sector. In light of the above, the Committee requests the Government to provide further information on the specific action and interventions of the General Labour Inspectorate in relation to freedom of association in the rural sector (with an indication in particular of the number of complaints lodged concerning the exercise of trade union rights and the related decisions, as well as the number of trade union leaders registered so that they benefit from employment security). Recalling that Guatemala has also ratified the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98), the Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129), and the Plantations Convention, 1958 (No. 110), the Committee also requests the Government to proceed with an assessment of the measures and tools to reinforce the effectiveness of action by the General Labour Inspectorate and other relevant public authorities to prevent and resolve situations of anti-union discrimination in the rural sector. The Committee emphasizes the importance of this assessment involving substantive dialogue with the organizations of workers and employers concerned, and reminds the Government that it may avail itself of ILO technical assistance, particularly through the projects “Supporting respect for the working conditions of workers in the agro-export sector in Guatemala” and “Strengthening of the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association in Guatemala for the effective application of international labour standards”. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the progress made in this regard.

Articles 4 to 6. Promotion of organizations of rural workers and their role in economic and social development. Recalling that the Convention also provides that the State shall further the development of organizations of rural workers and promote their participation through their organizations in economic and social development, the Committee previously requested the Government to provide information on: (i) the measures taken to facilitate the establishment and growth, on a voluntary basis, of strong and independent organizations of rural workers and their participation in the economic and social development process of the country; and (ii) the number of collective agreements in force in the rural sector and the number of workers covered. The Committee notes that the Government: (i) indicates that it is developing with the Office a campaign on decent work in the agricultural sector, which includes the subject of freedom of association; the campaign will be disseminated in various national languages, through social networks, broadcasts and information posters during the course of 2021; (ii) provides data on the action to promote economic activity in the rural sector undertaken by the Deputy Minister for the Development of Micro-, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises of the Ministry of the Economy and by the Ministry of Agriculture; and (iii) indicates that the Ministry of Labour does not have information on which collective agreements in force in the country cover workers in the rural sector.

The Committee notes the lack of information on the collective agreements in force in the rural sector, as collective bargaining is a fundamental means of action for associations of rural workers. The Committee also notes that the initiatives relating to the rural sector referred to by the Government consist essentially of capacity-building, but that information has not been provided on the social dialogue mechanisms through which associations of rural workers can participate in decision-making processes that affect them. In light of the above, the Committee requests the Government to: (i) reinforce information activities on and the promotion of freedom of association and collective bargaining through initiatives targeting the rural sector; (ii) compile the information available on the collective agreements in force that cover rural workers; and (iii) promote dialogue with the associations of rural workers, including those of self-employed workers and small producers, in mechanisms for the adoption of public decisions that affect them. Lastly, the Committee requests the Government to supplement the information provided on associations in the rural sector by providing further details on associations of self-employed workers and small producers, including information on solidarist associations (the number of associations and members, type of activities undertaken).

[The Government is asked to reply in full to the present comments in 2024.]

The Committee takes note of the supplementary information provided by the Government in light of the decision adopted by the Governing Body at its 338th Session (June 2020). The Committee is proceeding with the examination of the application of the Convention on the basis of the supplementary information received from the Government in 2020, as well as on the basis of the information at its disposal in 2019.

Article 2(2)(a). Education and training. In response to its previous comments, the Committee notes the detailed information provided by the Government on the education and training system for nursing personnel implemented by various private and public universities, the different training cycles they provide (such as degrees, master degrees and specializations) and the number of graduates per year from those institutions. The Committee notes that, according to statistical information from the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance (MSPAS), 500 persons enrol each year in the National Nursing Schools, 15 per cent of whom drop out after the first year. The Government indicates that, within the framework of the 2018–2022 Regional Plan, the development of activities is planned to modernize the nursing profession with a view to building skills at professional and auxiliary level of those who work in the areas of health and the MSPAS hospitals, as well as in the Guatemalan Social Security Institute. The Government indicates that such activities will be implemented in cooperation with, inter alia, the National Nursing Council, the Association of Nurses of Guatemala and the College of Nursing Professionals. In addition, there are plans for joint efforts to ensure that nursing personnel of all levels can access lifelong education and to promote doctorates in nursing, which are currently only offered by a private university. The Committee also requests the Government to continue sending up-to-date detailed information on any measures taken or envisaged to provide nursing personnel with appropriate education and training for the performance of their functions, as well as the impact of these.

Article 2(2)(b). Remuneration of nursing personnel. In its previous comments, the Committee requested the Government to indicate the current status of the process of reclassification of wages for nursing personnel and to provide information on the outcome thereof. The Government indicates that in April 2019, the first phase of the process of reclassification of posts for permanent hiring of nursing graduates was initiated. The Government adds that the total number of nursing graduates working in MSPAS could not benefit from the first phase of reclassification of wages owing to budgetary constraints. Therefore, in the first phase, 410 nursing graduates benefited, while it is expected that the remaining nursing graduates, including nursing graduates hired in technical services (approximately 800), will benefit from the subsequent phases of the reclassification process. The Government also reports that 132 community, hospital and teaching members of nursing staff hired on temporary contracts were reclassified as permanent staff. In addition, the Government indicates that measures are envisaged to provide those working in the paramedic category with the opportunity to be promoted to other categories and to carry out nursing functions, which would improve the working conditions of such personnel. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide detailed and up-to-date detailed information on the status of the process of reclassification of wages for nursing personnel and the outcome thereof.

Application in practice. The Committee notes the detailed information provided by the Government on the number of nursing personnel registered in different categories. It notes the Government’s indication in its supplementary report that, according to 2020 statistical information of the MSPAS, there are 4,730 nurses, 32,770 nursing assistants and 2,967 nursing technicians in the country. With regard to the migration of nursing personnel, the Committee notes that, according to the assessment of programmes on human resources in health conducted by the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization, 32 per cent of health workers who emigrate from the country are part of nursing personnel. The above assessment shows that the main reasons are expectations for better pay and working conditions, as well as more opportunities for professional development. Lastly, the Committee notes the Government’s indication that, between March and July 2020, the General Labour Inspectorate received 136 complaints concerning nursing personnel, mostly from the department of Guatemala. The Government also indicates that the General Labour Inspectorate made it possible to submit complaints in order to prevent and control the spread of the virus in the country’s public and private sector workplaces, through the web page of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, a telephone line and the various departmental offices of the General Labour Inspectorate. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide detailed and up-to-date information on the manner in which the Convention is applied in practice, including statistical data on the number of nursing personnel – disaggregated by sex, age and region, sector of activity, training level and functions – and also statistics on the nursing personnel/population ratio, the number of persons enrolling in nursing schools and the number of persons leaving the profession each year, and copies of official reports or studies relating to nursing services. The Committee also requests the Government to continue to provide up-to-date information on any practical difficulties encountered in the application of the Convention, such as the shortage or migration of nursing personnel.

The Committee takes note of the supplementary information provided by the Government in light of the decision adopted by the Governing Body at its 338th Session (June 2020). The Committee is proceeding with the examination of the application of the Convention on the basis of the supplementary information received from the Government in 2020, as well as on the basis of the information at its disposal in 2019.

The Committee notes the observations made by the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala, received on 16 October 2020, which denounce the recruitment of nursing personnel through temporary contracts for professional services to perform work of a permanent nature, and the precarious working conditions of these workers. In particular, they report that these workers do not have access to the rights established for nursing personnel in the labour legislation relating to aspects such as holidays, access to benefits of the Guatemalan Social Security Institute, healthcare, maternity leave or breastfeeding breaks. They also report that, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the nursing personnel under the aforementioned contractual arrangements who were infected with the virus did not receive medical assistance, and were required to go to work despite presenting symptoms of COVID-19. In addition, they highlight that they were not provided with personal protective equipment (PPE) and were refused access to COVID-19 testing. The workers’ organizations indicate that on 25 May 2020, they submitted an application for protection (amparo) to the Constitutional Court, which ordered the Ministry of Health to immediately adopt the necessary measures to issue PPE to all workers and to protect those workers considered to be high risk. The workers’ organizations also indicate that they submitted an application for protection (amparo) for the misuse of temporary contracts, for health sector services to carry out labour activities, with a proven relationship of permanent dependence. The workers’ organizations also denounce the initiation of dismissal proceedings as a reprisal against the workers who promoted and supported the submission for the above remedies. In addition, they denounce the significant salary differences between nursing personnel who perform the same functions but who are hired under different contractual terms or in different regions. Lastly, the workers’ organizations report that in the last four years, graduates of the nursing schools in Quiche, Cobán and Guatemala Capital have not received their academic certificates, which prevents them from accessing employment. Furthermore, they report the absence of adequate and sufficient protection measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the lack of PPE and measures to minimize the risks to which workers are exposed. The Committee requests the Government to provide its reply in this regard.

COVID-19 pandemic. Measures adopted concerning public health. The Committee notes the detailed information provided by the Government in its supplementary report on the various public health measures adopted to address the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Government indicates that on 16 March 2020, it issued Governmental Decree No. 5-2020 declaring a state of public disaster throughout the national territory as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has subsequently been extended on several occasions. The Government indicates in its supplementary report that, in March 2020, the Plan to prevent, contain and respond to COVID-19 cases in Guatemala, developed by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance (MSPAS), was approved. The measures in the Plan to be adopted to address the epidemiological threat posed by COVID-19 include ongoing training and active participation of personnel from the different levels of healthcare in the various coordination forums of the health sector and emergency response system, as well as the National Coordinating Body for Disaster Reduction (CONRED). The Committee invites the Government to provide up-to-date information in its following report on the impact of the pandemic on the implementation of national policies and programmes relating to nursing services and nursing personnel with a view to ensuring the objectives of the Convention.

Article 2 of the Convention. National policy for nursing services and nursing personnel. The Committee notes the detailed information provided by the Government regarding the regulations on the nursing profession and the various studies conducted on the situation of health workers in the country, including nursing personnel. In particular, the Committee notes the reports provided by the Government regarding the evaluations carried out in 2005 and 2013 on achievement of the targets established in the National Plan for the development of human resources in health 2007–2015. The Committee also notes that the Government refers to the development of the Regional Plan of the nursing professionals’ group of Central America and the Caribbean 2018–2022. Its lines of action include: building the human resources of nursing personnel, improving the working conditions of nursing personnel and strengthening continuous and lifelong education for these workers. The Government indicates that such lines of action would be agreed upon by representatives of nursing associations and colleges affiliated with the International Council of Nurses (ICN) at a meeting to be held in Singapore in 2019. The Committee also notes the Government’s indication that, within the framework of the II Central American and Caribbean Summit on “the development of nursing in Central America, a collective project to improve health” organized in October 2017, a declaration was signed by nursing personnel representatives of the participating countries. The Government indicates that the declaration includes pillars of work relating to governance, vocational internships and training for human resources, working conditions of nursing personnel, technical cooperation projects between national nursing associations, professional nursing colleges and the International Council of Nurses, the implementation of strategies to strengthen work within nursing networks, and the regulation of national policy and law on nursing. The Government adds that participants in the II Regional Summit undertook to disseminate the declaration at the national level, follow up on the agreements, strengthen union organization and carry out studies on the situation of nursing personnel. In this connection, the Government reports the development of a study by the Nursing Services Development Unit of the MSPAS on the working conditions of nursing personnel in Guatemala. This study highlights that obstacles to improving the working conditions of nursing personnel comprise the insufficient number of nursing personnel in the country owing to the lack of funding for recruitment, the heavy workload of nursing personnel who perform functions that are not part of their jobs, the lack of unified salaries for nursing personnel, the absence of ongoing occupational safety and health programmes, and salaries that are not commensurate with the qualifications and responsibilities of the position. With respect to the activities of the Interinstitutional Council, the Government refers to the establishment of the National Observatory of Human Resources in Health in 2012 and the coordination of interinstitutional actions with a view to developing proposals on plans for the training for human resources in health. Furthermore, the Committee notes the approval in 2019 of the regulations for the nursing staff of the hospital network of the MSPAS. The objectives of the regulations include standardizing the nursing staff functions according to position and academic degree, strengthening the quality of nursing care in the country’s hospital network, and systematizing discussion forums for nurses for the comprehensive analysis of the development of the profession at the different levels of care. The Committee requests the Government to provide detailed and up-to-date information on the impact on nursing services and nursing personnel of the measures adopted within the framework of the 2018–2022 Regional Plan and the declaration adopted at the II Central American and Caribbean Summit on the development of nursing, as well as the new regulations for the nursing staff of the hospital network of the MSPAS. The Committee also requests the Government to provide up-to-date information on the consultations carried out with the employers’ and workers’ organizations concerned, where such organizations exist, with regard to the abovementioned measures (Article 2(3)).

Article 7. Occupational safety and health. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that, in May 2015, measures were adopted with a view to implementing safety and health policies for health workers in compliance with the goals set out in the Regional Plan for human resources in health. The Committee notes, however, that according to the assessment on achievement of this goal conducted by the interinstitutional committee for joint actions of the academic and health sectors, the level of achievement reached only 25 per cent. The Committee also notes the detailed information provided by the Government in its supplementary report on the safety and health measures taken in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Government refers, inter alia, to the approval on 14 June 2020 of Governmental Agreement No. 79 of 2020, which complements the 2014 regulations on occupational safety and health, relating to the prevention and control of the spread of COVID-19 in all workplaces in the public or private sector in the country. The Agreement sets out the implementation of occupational safety and health measures that allow for safe working conditions to minimize the risk of infection. In this connection, it establishes a series of obligations for the employer, such as providing PPE for the prevention and control of the spread of COVID-19 in the workplace. The Government reports that in August 2020, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health carried out an initial operation in 18 private sector hospitals to monitor compliance with the obligations established in the Agreement.

In this context, the Committee recalls that nursing personnel who, given the specific characteristics of their work must be in close physical contact with their patients, are at high risk of becoming infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, particularly when precautions to control the spread, including the use of PPE, are not strictly applied. In this respect, the Committee wishes to draw the Government’s attention to paragraph 49 of the Nursing Personnel Recommendation, 1977 (No. 157), which sets out that: “(1) All possible steps should be taken to ensure that nursing personnel are not exposed to special risks. Where exposure to special risks is unavoidable, measures should be taken to minimize it; (2) Measures such as the provision and use of protective clothing, immunization, shorter hours, more frequent rest breaks, temporary removal from the risk or longer annual holidays should be provided for in respect to nursing personnel regularly assigned to duties involving special risks so as to reduce their exposure to these risks; and (3) In addition, nursing personnel who are exposed to special risks should receive financial compensation. The Committee requests the Government to indicate whether the abovementioned measures adopted in 2015 and Governmental Agreement No. 79 of 2020 have been effective in the prevention and control of COVID in the workplace, and to provide detailed and up-to-date information on the continued application of safety measures, including: the provision of PPE and training on its proper use;, the provision of adequate breaks during shifts and limitation of excessive hours wherever possible, with a view to protecting the health and well-being of nursing personnel; and limiting, as far as possible, their risk of contracting COVID-19. In addition, it requests the Government to provide detailed and up-to-date information on the number and result of the checks carried out on compliance with Governmental Agreement No. 79 of 2020 concerning nursing personnel.

The Committee is raising other matters in a request addressed directly to the Government.

General level of collective bargaining in the country. In its previous comment, the Committee noted the observations made by trade union organizations denouncing the very low number of collective agreements signed in the country. In this regard, the Committee refers to its comments on the application of the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98).

Article 5(a) of the Convention. Promotion of collective bargaining for all groups of workers in the branches of activity covered by the Convention. In its previous comment, after recalling the wide scope of application of the Convention, the Committee requested the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that state employees with special civil contracts can exercise their right to organize and collective bargaining. The Committee notes that the Government: (i) indicates that, since 2018, the aforementioned categories of workers have been able to organize themselves in trade unions; (ii) forwards the information of the National Civil Service Office (ONSEC) on the ongoing efforts in the public sector to prevent the disguising of dependent employment relationships through the signature of service provision contracts, and on the corresponding rulings regarding reclassification issued by the Constitutional Court; and (iii) states that it has no knowledge of collective agreements applying to public sector workers with special civil contracts and, in particular, to workers employed under budget item 029.

The Committee also notes that, under the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87), it was informed of the tripartite agreement of February 2018 aimed at aligning national legislation with the ILO Conventions ratified by Guatemala in the area of freedom of association, which includes the recognition of the trade union rights of public sector workers governed by temporary contracts and special schemes. As highlighted in its observations on Convention No. 87, the Committee hopes that the aforementioned tripartite agreement will be reflected in national legislation as soon as possible.

While it welcomes the progress made towards the recognition of the right to organize of state employees with special civil contracts, the Committee recalls that the present Convention applies to all contractual arrangements, and that the aforementioned workers should therefore be able to engage in collective bargaining to regulate their working and remuneration conditions. The Committee therefore requests the Government to take the necessary measures in this regard, and to provide information on the exercise in practice of the right to collective bargaining of the aforementioned categories of workers.

The Committee takes note of the supplementary information provided by the Government in light of the decision adopted by the Governing Body at its 338th session (June 2020). The Committee proceeded with the examination of the application of the Convention on the basis of the supplementary information received from the Government, as well as on the basis of the information at its disposal in 2019.

Article 1(a) of the Convention. National migration policy. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on any progress made in the development, establishment and monitoring of migration policy as envisaged in section 116 of the Migration Code. The Committee notes the Government’s indication in its report that a comprehensive public policy on migration has not yet been adopted under the terms of the Migration Code. The Committee observes that the Government has adopted a National Decent Employment Policy 2017–32, which includes a National Programme of Migration for Development. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the results of the National Programme of Migration for Development. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on the adoption of a migration policy under the terms of section 116 of the Migration Code.

Statistics on migration movements. Further to its previous request for the provision of statistical data on migration movements, the Committee notes and welcomes the detailed information, disaggregated by sex, provided by the Government on the immigration and authorized emigration of workers. In particular, the Committee notes that the statistics show that over the past two years the majority of foreign nationals authorized to work in Guatemala are nationals of the Republic of Korea, El Salvador, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Nicaragua, Honduras, Mexico and Colombia. The Committee also notes the figures on the temporary migration of Guatemalan workers with job offers to Mexico (36,427 workers since 2014), United States (five workers since 2014) and Canada (25,404 workers since 2014). Finally, the Committee also notes the data provided indicating that the great majority of these temporary migrant workers are men (95.42 per cent).

Article 1(a) and (b). National laws and regulations on migration. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on the National Migration Authority and the Guatemalan Institute of Migration, both established under the terms of the Migration Code, and on the effect given in practice to the Code. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the Migration Code envisages a period of two years for the process of the transition of the General Department of Migration in the Ministry of the Interior to the establishment of the Guatemalan Institute of Migration, and that Government Decision No. 83-2017 was adopted respecting institutional continuity while the Guatemalan Institute of Migration comes into operation. The Committee also notes the Government’s indication that in 2019 the National Migration Authority adopted a series of measures, and particularly National Migration Authority Decisions Nos 3-2019 (issuing of Regulations on Guatemalan visas) and 4-2019 (issuing Regulations on residence in Guatemala). The Government adds that Government Decision No. 528-2003 remains in force (issuing the Regulations on work permits for foreign nationals for private sector employers). While noting this information, the Committee notes that section 238 of the Migration Code provides that the general regulations and the other regulations envisaged in the Code shall be adopted during the first year following the establishment of the National Migration Authority. Lastly, the Government indicates in its supplementary information that it is working on an inter-institutional agreement with the Guatemalan Migration Institute called: “Inter-institutional cooperation agreement between the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare and the Guatemalan Migration Institute to expedite the processing and delivery of immigration documents to Guatemalans enrolled in the Temporary Work Program”. The Committee also notes that the United Nations Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families expressed concern at the lengthy implementation process of the Code and its secondary legislation (CMW/C/GTM/CO/2, of 2 May 2019, paragraph 12). The Committee requests the Government to continue providing information on the adoption of the regulations envisaged in the Migration Code, and on the progress made in the establishment of the Guatemalan Institute of Migration.

Article 1(c). Agreements concluded on labour migration. Further to its previous request for information on the agreements concluded on labour migration, the Committee takes due note of the detailed information provided by the Government on the cooperation activities undertaken within the framework of the: (1) the Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministers responsible for Labour and Social Welfare of Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras on migrant workers; (2) the Bilateral Cooperation Agreement on Labour between Mexico and Guatemala; and (3) the Agreement between Guatemala and Belize on a programme for temporary workers in being implemented. The Committee also notes that the United Nations Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families noted the following agreements: (1) the Central American Free movement Agreement (CA-4) between El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Guatemala; (2) the Labour Migration Programme with Canada; and (3) the Plan of the Alliance for Prosperity in the Northern Triangle between Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras (CMW/C/GTM/CO/2, of 2 May 2019, paragraph 46).

Articles 2, 4 and 7. Services to assist migrant workers. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on the activities of the various institutions responsible for providing assistance to migrant workers under the terms of the Migration Code (the Guatemalan Institute of Migration, the Guatemalan National Council for Assistance to Migrants (CONAMIGUA) and the Care and Protection Council), and on any other measure adopted to give effect to these Articles of the Convention. The Committee notes the Government’s indication, with regard to CONAMIGUA, that: (1) its operations have been limited following the cancellation of the appointment of its Executive Secretary by the Constitutional Court, but that the new Executive Secretary took office on 9 April 2018; (2) measures were taken to pay the wage arrears to the employees of the Institution, and to initiate all the steps necessary for the approval of the budget for 2018, and action was commenced with a view to discharging the functions, mission and vision for which CONAMIGUA was established; (3) four regional premises of CONAMIGUA have been opened (in Huehuetenango, Alta Verapaz and San Marcos); and (4) consultations are being held with municipal authorities and government departments in the departments of Quetzaltenango, Teculután, Zacapa, Quiché and Sacatepéquez, with a view to the conclusion of inter-institutional cooperation agreements. The Committee also notes the detailed information provided by the Government on the assistance services for Guatemalan workers abroad within the context of consular services. While taking due note of this information, the Committee requests the Government to provide information on the assistance services provided by CONAMIGUA (at the national and local levels) and on the activities of other institutions responsible for the provision of services under the terms of the Migration Code (the Guatemalan Institute for Migration and the Care and Protection Council).

Returning workers. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on the assistance programmes for migrant workers returning to the country. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is collaborating in an inter-sectoral mechanism to promote the public–private inclusion project “Guate te incluye”, the objective of which is to contribute to the integration of workers returning to the labour market through the documentation of the occupational profiles of returnees, and the provision of information and skills training, with a view to facilitating their access to jobs. According to the supplementary information provided by the Government, between 2019 and 2020, 252 returnees were evaluated and certified in soft skills and for work, in coordination with the Association of Guatemalan Returnees, the “Quédate” Program and the National Employment Service; and 231 returnees entered into the labour market. The Government adds that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs provides support for Guatemalan nationals returning from the United States through the provision of services on humanitarian matters, including food, the payment of transport tickets to return to their places of origin and facilities to make international calls. Finally, the Government indicates that the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MTPS) has created a window for returning migrants with the objective of providing guidance for their reintegration into the labour market.

Article 3. Measures to prevent misleading propaganda. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on the measures adopted to prevent misleading propaganda. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs launched a regional campaign, with other government institutions, civil society organizations and embassies, to prevent the deception of migrant workers, under the slogan “Ask, take note and check”, to provide information on the risk of deception in recruitment processes and the related complaint procedures. The Government adds that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has launched a series of campaigns in coordination with the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (including a campaign on how to work in southern Mexico with protection for labour rights, and information activities for Guatemalan workers in Canada). The Committee also notes that section 161(a) of the Migration Code provides that the Care and Protection Council, as an institution of the National Migration Authority, shall be responsible for developing prevention and information campaigns on the risks of migration and the rights of migrants. The Committee requests the Government to continue providing information on the campaigns undertaken by the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of Labour and Social Welfare with a view to informing migrant workers of their rights within and outside the country, and on any prevention and information campaigns or initiatives undertaken.

Article 6(1)(d). Equal treatment. Legal proceedings. In its previous comments, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on the measures taken to ensure that migrant workers who are legally residing in the country are not treated less favourably than Guatemalan nationals with regard to the rights set out in Article 6 of the Convention. The Committee also requested the Government to provide information on any relevant court decisions, the number and nature of the infringements reported by the labour inspection services and the penalties imposed. The Committee notes, with reference to the relevant laws and regulations, the Government’s indication that section 9 of the Migration Code provides that migrants shall be treated equally and shall not suffer discrimination on grounds of nationality, among other reasons. The Committee also notes that the Code establishes in section 23 minimum social rights for migrant workers (including equitable remuneration, respect for working time, holidays and leave) and in section 37 the rights of migrant workers to have access to the administrative authorities and labour courts of the country and to take action under the respective national laws. With regard to the application of the principle in practice, the Committee notes the Government’s indication that: (1) after consulting the judicial authorities, there is no record of the relevant court rulings; (2) data is provided, disaggregated by sex and nationality, on the number of complaints made by migrant workers to the general labour inspection services (a total of 207 complaints between 1 January 2017 and 20 May 2019); and (3) that the monitoring system for inspections does not currently distinguish between the reasons for which penalties are imposed and the level of the penalties. While noting this information, the Committee observes that the United Nations Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families expressed concern at the lack of access to justice of migrants (CMW/C/GTM/CO/2, of 2 May 2019, paragraphs 28 and 38). The Committee requests the Government to continue providing information on the complaints made by migrant workers to the general labour inspection services and/or the judicial authorities in relation to the matters covered by the Convention, and on any action taken as a result. The Committee encourages the Government to develop the collection of data regarding the reasons for penalties imposed as well as the levels of penalties, to address the deficit of the monitoring system of inspection in that regard.

Article 3 of Annex I. Regulation of operations of recruitment, introduction and placement in employment. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the Department of Labour Mobility of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare is preparing regulations on the registration, authorization and operation of recruiters and recruitment and placement agencies of Guatemalan workers abroad. The Government indicates that the regulations are in the final stages of being reviewed by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare before being referred to the Office of the Attorney-General. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the adoption of these regulations.

The Committee takes note of the supplementary information provided by the Government in light of the decision adopted by the Governing Body at its 338th Session (June 2020). The Committee proceeded with the examination of the application of the Convention on the basis of the supplementary information received from the Government this year, as well as on the basis of the information at its disposal in 2019.

Articles 1 and 2 of the Convention. Gender wage gap. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on: (1) the outcomes of the measures adopted to reduce the gender wage gap (including statistical data on its evolution); and (2) the measures taken to tackle the underlying causes of the low labour force participation of women, including the nature of that participation (women working on an independent basis, and working for fewer hours than men). The Committee notes that, in its supplementary report, the Government provides data published by the National Institute for Statistics on the average income of men and women in 2019, which demonstrate a gender pay gap that favours men in all economic activities (except the construction sector and real estate activities) and in all occupations. The Committee notes that these data indicate, inter alia, that: (1) the average total income for men is 2,437.5 Guatemalan quetzales (GTQ) and for women is GTQ2,083.1; (2) in the agriculture, livestock, game and forestry sectors the average total income for men is GTQ1,514.3 and for women it is GTQ1,424.3; (3) in the communications sector it is GTQ4,375.8 for men and GTQ4,321.2 for women; and (4) for directors and managers it is GTQ8,026.9 for men and GTQ6,032.5 for women. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the widest gap can be seen in occupations classified as “workers, operators and skilled workers”, in which the income earned by women is up to 56 per cent less. Women workers in elementary occupations and those employed as service workers or sales assistants are paid 45 per cent less than men who perform the same tasks. The smallest gap can be seen in the occupation of “plant operators”, where there is a 16 per cent difference in earnings. It is important to mention that women generally work six hours less per week, which could be a factor in their income being lower. This is not the case for “plant operators” and “mid-level technicians and professionals”, where weekly hours of work are the same for both men and women and these are occupations where the income gap is also small. Only the income of employees such as: administrative support staff, mid-level technicians and professionals, professionals, scientists, directors and managers exceeds the national minimum wage in force. With regard to the underlying causes of the wage gap, the Committee notes the detailed statistics provided by the Government on the labour market participation rates of men and women, compiled by the Labour Market Observatory, which indicate that women have a much lower labour market participation rate than men, with the women’s rate standing at only 47.4 per cent. The Committee notes that the Government adds that on the basis of an in-depth analysis it can be seen that women face difficulties in entering the labour market: namely, limited access to education and training, social norms relating to gender, non-distribution of unpaid domestic work and lack of childcare systems. The Committee also notes the Government’s indications that: (1) there is occupational segregation, as men have higher participation rates in the agriculture and agri-business sectors, and women in the services and sales sectors; (2) one third of women choose to perform non-salaried work on an independent basis to avoid adhering to a schedule and be able to devote themselves to other activities, such as home care; (3) women work fewer paid hours than men; and (iv) women account for a greater proportion of employed persons who do not receive remuneration in exchange for their work. As for the measures adopted to reduce the wage gap, the Committee notes the detailed information provided by the Government regarding the activities of the Working Women’s Section and the National Office for Women (ONAM) of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MTPS), the Presidential Secretariat for Women (SEPREM) and the Secretariat for Women and Gender Analysis (SMAG) in the judiciary. The Committee also notes the information included in the Government’s report on the application of the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111), relating to the measures adopted under the National Policy for the Advancement and Comprehensive Development of Women (PNPDIM) and the Equal Opportunities Plan 2008–23 (PEO) to eliminate gender stereotypes and facilitate women’s access to a more diverse range of jobs. While noting this information, the Committee requests the Government to provide information on any measures taken or contemplated: (i) to continue reducing the gender wage gap; and (ii) to address the issue of the low participation of women in the labour market.

Article 3. Objective job evaluation. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to provide further information on the criteria taken into consideration for the development of the wage scale in the public sector and to ensure that the existing wage scale is free from gender bias. The Committee also asked the Government to indicate whether formal procedures for the objective evaluation of jobs in the private sector have been adopted (for example, as part of the development of the national wage policy). The Committee duly notes the extensive information provided by the Government in its supplementary report regarding the national wage policy formulated as part of the National Decent Employment Policy (2017–32) to strengthen legal measures against discrimination. It also notes that the objective of priority action 16 is to “create conditions for formulating, on the basis of tripartite social dialogue, a national policy aimed at improving the wage structure for workers, inter alia, by strengthening tripartite social dialogue on minimum wages, ensuring compliance with the minimum wage in both the formal and the informal economy, reinforcing collective bargaining and legal measures against discrimination, and also strengthening forums for dialogue beyond workers in the formal economy”. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on progress made with respect to the national wage policy, in terms of reinforcing measures against discrimination, particularly as regards equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value. The Committee once again requests the Government to provide information on any measures taken to promote formal methods for objective job evaluation free of sexist bias in the private sector.

Application of the Convention in practice. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to continue providing information on the activities of the labour inspectorate to give effect in practice to the principle of equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value and to provide information on the number of complaints (lodged with the labour inspectorate, the courts or other relevant institutions) concerning the application of this principle, and the follow-up to those complaints. The Committee notes the Government’s indication in its supplementary report that, according to the labour inspectorate’s case monitoring system, no complaints have been made calling for equal conditions of pay for men and women workers for work of equal value. While noting the information provided, the Committee requests the Government to continue providing information on the activities of the labour inspectorate and to provide information on the number of complaints lodged in this respect.

The Committee takes note of the supplementary information provided by the Government in light of the decision adopted by the Governing Body at its 338th Session (June 2020). The Committee proceeded with the examination of the application of the Convention on the basis of the supplementary information received from the Government this year, as well as on the basis of the information at its disposal in 2019.

The Committee notes the observations of the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and Global Unions of Guatemala, received on 16 October 2020. The Committee requests the Government to send its comments in this regard.

Legislative reforms. The Committee notes the Government’s indication in its report that two legislative initiatives Nos 5232 and 5523 that seek to reform the Labour Code and fulfil the requirements under the Convention are being examined in the Labour Committee of the Congress. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the content of these initiatives as regard the Convention and any progress achieved with regard to their adoption.

Article 1(1)(a) of the Convention. Discrimination based on sex. Sexual harassment. The Committee notes that there is no reference to sexual harassment in the Labour Code. The Committee notes, however, that in 2019, a protocol defining sexual harassment was adopted for addressing cases of workplace sexual harassment in the Office of the Public Prosecutor. The Committee asks the Government to take measures to include in the labour legislation provisions that define, prohibit and penalize sexual harassment and grant victims the right to compensation.

Pregnancy tests and dismissal on the basis of pregnancy. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to take measures to prohibit mandatory pregnancy testing for securing or retaining employment. The Committee recalls the Government’s indication in its previous report that it had submitted the recommendation to prohibit such testing in the legislation for examination to the President of the Subcommittee on Labour Legislation and Policy of the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association. The Committee notes the Government’s indication in its supplementary report that no progress has been made on this matter. The Government also indicates that: (1) 107 cases of dismissal on the basis of pregnancy were referred in 2019–2020 to the Working Women’s Unit with a significant increase during the emergency resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic; (2) the labour inspectorate indicates that it did not receive any complaints of pregnancy testing in 2019–2020; and (3) during the same period, it received 257 complaints for dismissals of pregnant women.

The Commission also notes the information that, between 2015 and 2020, the courts reinstated in their posts 5,236 workers dismissed for reasons of pregnancy. The Committee requests the Government to continue providing information: (i) on the measures adopted to prevent mandatory pregnancy testing for securing or retaining employment, and on the number of complaints and cases detected by the labour inspectorate in this area; and also (ii) on progress being made in considering legislation to prohibit such mandatory testing.

Articles 2 and 3(b) and (f). Gender equality policy. Results of the policy. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to send information on the results achieved through the measures adopted as part of the implementation of the National Policy for the Advancement and Comprehensive Development of Women (PNPDIM) and the Equal Opportunities Plan 2008–23 (PEO), to eliminate gender stereotypes and facilitate women’s access to a more diverse range of jobs. The Committee notes that, in its report, the Government provides detailed information on the various measures adopted in this respect, including: (1) the organization of workshops and guidance sessions by the unit for women workers of the General Directorate of Social Security of the Ministry of Labour and Social Security (MTPS); (2) the inclusion of a gender perspective in the various programmes of the Indigenous Development Fund of Guatemala (FODIGUA); (3) the initiatives of the Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) to encourage women participation (changes in the manuals and selection procedures, availability of uniforms, access to technical college, etc.); (4) the participation of women (49.33 per cent of the participants) in the National Competitiveness Programme of the Ministry of Economy; and (5) the activities of the Ministry of Education to raise awareness of the importance of quality and equal education, protection against violence and the prevention of the pregnancy of girls. While noting this information, the Committee observes that the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) expressed concern at the significant level of illiteracy, particularly among indigenous girls and women, and the high dropout rates of girls in the education system, as well as the segregation of most women into the lowest-paid occupations (CEDAW/C/GTM/CO/8-9, 20 November 2017, paragraphs 32 and 34). While welcoming the Government’s numerous initiatives to encourage the elimination of gender stereotypes, the Committee requests the Government to continue adopting specific measures to promote the access of girls and women to education and professional training, and to address occupational gender segregation. Noting that, under the PNPDIM and the PEO, the Secretariat for Women shall periodically evaluate their effect on the lives of women, the Committee requests the Government to provide information on the outcomes of this monitoring.

Equality policy. Domestic work. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to: (1) examine whether the special legal regime applicable to domestic workers results in a form of inequality that greatly disadvantages women; and (2) provide information on labour inspection activities in the domestic work sector, and on the number of complaints in relation to discrimination in this sector and the follow-up to those complaints. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the Working Women’s Unit of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare is in the process of designing promotional material to make domestic workers aware of their rights. Between January 2019 and August 2020, a total of 732 domestic workers approached the aforementioned Working Women’s Unit for advice on labour obligations and rights and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these rights and obligations. The Committee also notes that, according to the statistical data included in the Government’s report on the population employed in domestic work, in January 2018, some 99.3 per cent of domestic workers were women. The Committee observes that domestic work is subject to a special legal regime, set out in Chapter 4 of Title IV of the Labour Code. In this respect, the Committee observes that the United Nations Human Rights Committee expressed concern about the inequalities associated with that special regime (CCPR/C/GTM/CO/4, 7 May 2018, paragraph 10). Taking into account that this sector employs significantly more women, the Committee requests the Government to examine whether the special legal regime applicable to domestic workers results in a form of inequality that greatly disadvantages women and to provide information on labour inspection activities in the domestic work sector, and on the number of complaints in relation to discrimination in this sector and the follow-up to those complaints.

Article 3(b) and (e). Education programmes and guidance and vocational training activities for indigenous workers. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on the measures adopted to facilitate access to education, training and employment for indigenous workers. With regard to access to education, the Committee notes the information provided by the Government on the “initial teacher training” (FID) programme and the “academic programme for the professional development of teachers” (PADEP/D) of the Ministry of Education, aimed at promoting greater inclusion of students from Mayan language communities. In addition, it refers to a series of projects carried out at the San Carlos de Guatemala University (USCG) to support indigenous students. With regard to vocational training, the Government indicates that the Technical Institute for Training and Productivity (INTECAP) has adopted measures to ensure the access of indigenous peoples to vocational training. The Committee also notes the additional information provided by the Government on the access of indigenous workers to the training activities and the employment exchange established by the General Directorate of Employment of the MTPS. With regard to the “Technical training programme – Annual operational programme 2020”, the Government states that in the first four months of this year, dissemination activities were carried out to identify strategic partners to cater for groups in situations of vulnerability, including young persons, returnee migrants, persons with disabilities and indigenous women’s groups. In this regard, on account of the emergency situation in the country, the training programme has not yet begun and it is not yet certain whether it will be possible to launch it this year. For this reason, strategic partnerships have been established with various organizations regarding financial support and catering for different partners who have already been identified as beneficiaries of technical training grants. Lastly, the Committee notes the Government’s indication that, in the context of the International Day of the World’s Indigenous People, 9 August 2019, an inter-institutional cooperation agreement was concluded between the Global Network of Indigenous Employers and the MTPS, which aims to unify efforts for the benefit of women, indigenous people and young people to foster economic growth and comprehensive community development. While noting this information, the Committee refers to its detailed comments on the application of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169).

General observation of 2018. With regard to the above issues, and in more general terms, the Committee would like to draw the Government’s attention to its general observation on discrimination based on race, colour and national extraction which was adopted in 2018. In the general observation, the Committee notes with concern that discriminatory attitudes and stereotypes based on the race, colour or national extraction of men and women workers continue to hinder their participation in education, vocational training programmes and access to a wider range of employment opportunities, resulting in persisting occupational segregation and lower remuneration received for work of equal value. Furthermore, the Committee considers that it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive and coordinated approach to tackling the obstacles and barriers faced by persons in employment and occupation because of their race, colour or national extraction, and to promote equality of opportunity and treatment for all. Such an approach should include the adoption of interlocking measures aimed at addressing gaps in education, training and skills, providing unbiased vocational guidance, recognizing and validating the qualifications obtained abroad, and valuing and recognizing traditional knowledge and skills that may be relevant both to accessing and advancing in employment and to engaging in an occupation. The Committee also recalls that, in order to be effective, these measures must include concrete steps, such as laws, policies, programmes, mechanisms and participatory processes, remedies designed to address prejudices and stereotypes and to promote mutual understanding and tolerance among all sections of the population.

The Committee draws the Government’s attention to its general observation of 2018 and requests the Government to provide information in response to the questions raised in that observation.

Enforcement. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on the activities carried out by the Commission against Discrimination and Racism (CODISRA) and the activities of the labour inspectorate and the judicial authorities in the area of discrimination. The Committee notes the detailed information provided by the Government on the activities of CODISRA, which included: (1) courses for public servants and staff of private and civil society institutions on the rights of indigenous peoples, racism and racial discrimination; (2) support and individual and group advice for individuals from the Maya, Garifuna and Xinka peoples; (3) proposal for the inclusion of indigenous peoples (and cultural aspects) in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with immediate actions and a medium- and long-term vision, and also in the emergency plan; (4) training for current and former maquila (export processing sector) workers to become auxiliary nurses specializing in reproductive rights and human and labour rights promoters, in coordination with the Women’s Solidarity Association (AMES); and (5) strengthening of the Maquila Coordination Committee (ICM). The Committee also notes that it has been proposed to include two new procedures to address cases of employment-related and sexual harassment in the workplace in the Single protocol on procedures for the labour inspection system (PUPSIT) and that the approval process is under way. The Committee further notes that, according to information provided by the Government, the number of complaints of cases of discrimination (all grounds) to the labour inspectorate has decreased in recent years (164 in 2016; 123 in 2017; and 59 in 2018). The Committee also notes the Government’s indication that the labour inspectorate does not have information on the penalties imposed for discrimination, although it is taking action to obtain such information, and the Directorate for Labour Management of the Judicial Authority cannot provide information on cases of discrimination. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the number of inspections as regards discrimination, the number of complaints of discrimination received by CODISRA, the labour inspectorate and the courts, the number of cases identified and the follow-up to these cases.

The Committee takes note of the supplementary information provided by the Government in light of the decisions adopted by the Governing Body at its 338th Session (June 2020). The Committee proceeded with the examination of the application of the Convention on the basis of the supplementary information received from the Government this year, as well as on the basis of the information at its disposal in 2019.

Article 3 of the Convention. National policy. In its previous comments, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on the specific measures adopted or envisaged in the framework of the National Policy for the Advancement and Comprehensive Development of Women (PNPDIM) and the Equality of Opportunity Plan (PEO) 2008-23 with a view to ensuring that persons with family responsibilities who are engaged in employment or wish to engage in employment can exercise their right to do so without being subject to discrimination and, to the extent possible, without conflict between their family and work responsibilities. In its report and the supplementary information provided, the Government indicates that the Presidential Secretariat for Women (SEPREM): (1) has adjusted its terms of reference, establishing and at the same time giving priority to the National System for Equality between Men and Women (SNEHM); and (2) has prepared a Strategic Agenda for the Economic Empowerment of Women, including policies and guidance to promote co-responsibility by men and women for the care of children and other family duties that are often assigned to women. The Committee notes this information and requests the Government to provide information on the specific measures adopted to give effect to the Strategic Agenda for the Economic Empowerment of Women and the National System for Equity between Men and Women with a view to ensuring that persons with family responsibilities who are engaged in or wish to engage in employment can exercise their right to do so without being subject to discrimination and, to the extent possible, without conflict between their family and work responsibilities. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on the mandate and activities of the National System for Equity between Men and Women (SNEHM).

Article 4(b). Needs of workers in relation to terms and conditions of employment and social security. The Committee previously requested the Government to provide information on the various measures adopted with a view to taking account of the needs of men and women workers with family responsibilities in relation to terms and conditions of employment and social security in order to enable them to better reconcile their family and work responsibilities. The Government has provided information on the Sickness, Maternity and Accident Programme (EMA), the Invalidity, Old-age and Survivors’ Programme (IVS) and the Special Programme for the Protection of Women Domestic Workers in Private Houses (PRECAPI), as well as statistics on beneficiaries in 2016 and 2017. In its supplementary report, it also refers to the updating of the National Plan for the Prevention and Eradication of Violence against Women (PLANOVI 2020-29), approved in November 2019 by the National Coordinator for the Prevention of Violence in the Family and against Women (CONAPREVI). The Committee notes this information. With reference to terms and conditions of work, the Committee recalls that many of the measures to be adopted relate to working hours, working arrangements and leave based on a recognition that such measures can benefit both workers and employers. Work organization and leave are key factors that can help to facilitate work-life balance (for example, flexible work schedules, worktime banks, telework and family leave). With regard to social security, the Committee notes that it plays a crucial role in implementing flexible working and leave arrangements by ensuring income support and access to medical care for workers and their families during periods of leave and beyond (for example, maternity benefits, paternity or parental allowances, childcare allowances or subsidies, family benefits, home care allowances, disability care allowances and carers’ allowances, as well as various tax credits, subsidies and grants). It has been found that the lack of access to adequate benefits discourages in particular men from taking up family-friendly leave and work arrangements. As for women, they all too often work in forms of employment that are outside the scope of social security coverage or have only limited entitlement to social security (general observation on the Convention, 2019). The Committee requests the Government to provide information on: (i) the number of men and women who avail themselves of their right to maternity and paternity leave, and the number of men and women employees who request new working time arrangements, a reduction in working time or the possibility of teleworking so as to better reconcile work and family responsibilities; and (ii) the specific measures adopted to take into account the needs of men and women workers in relation to terms and conditions of employment and social security.

Article 5(b). Services and benefits for the care of children and other family members. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to report on the possibility of amending section 155 of the Labour Code to ensure that child day-care centres are available for both men and women workers, and to provide information on any other childcare or family support measures or services established. In this regard, the Government indicates that: (1) it consulted the employer representatives on the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association on the measures adopted to promote the principles set out in the Convention; (2) it communicated to the Labour Legislation and Policy Subcommittee of the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association the suggestions made by the Committee to the Government of Guatemala for legislative amendments (section 155 of the Labour Code); and (3) the Child Day-Care Centres (CCID), which care for children between two and 48 months of age in the public and private sectors at the national level, provided care for 2120 children in 2015, 8832 in 2018 and 3200 in 2019. Finally, the Committee notes that action taken by the Secretariat for Social Welfare for the provision of assistance to young children and to families, children and young persons between 2018 and 2020, and the progress and results of the Child Day-Care Centres, and particularly the measures adopted to prevent and contain COVID-19. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on: (i) any progress in relation to the possibility of amending section 155 of the Labour Code to ensure that child day-care centres are also available for men workers, and not only for women workers; and (ii) the outcome of the consultation with the employer representatives on the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association concerning any measures adopted to promote the principles set out in the Convention.

Article 6. Promotional measures. The Committee once again requests the Government to provide information on concrete measures adopted to promote through information and education a better understanding by the public of the principle of equality of opportunity and treatment for men and women workers with family responsibilities.

Article 8. Family responsibilities as a reason for termination of employment. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to provide statistical data on the complaints made to administrative or judicial authorities relating to dismissals on grounds of family responsibilities, the action taken, penalties imposed and compensation granted. The Government indicates that there were no complaints recorded specifically relating to dismissals on grounds of family responsibilities.

Articles 9 and 11. Application of the Convention. Participation of employers’ and workers’ organizations. The Committee previously requested the Government to report any collective agreements, measures or proposals made by workers’ and employers’ organizations in relation to the application of the Convention. The Committee notes the 18 collective agreements provided by the Government, which include provisions on some of the subjects covered by the Convention.

The Committee draws the attention of the Government to its general observation adopted in 2019, recalling the relevance, importance and practical usefulness of the principles laid down in the Convention, and its accompanying Recommendation (No. 165), whose aim is to ensure that all workers with family responsibilities – women as well as men – are not disadvantaged in relation to other workers and, in particular, that women with family responsibilities are not disadvantaged in comparison to men with family responsibilities. Recalling the ILO Centenary Declaration for the Future of Work’s aim to achieve gender equality at work through a transformative agenda and stressing the importance of the Convention in achieving this goal, the Committee calls for member States, and employers’ and workers’ organizations, to strengthen efforts towards specific goals.

The Committee takes note of the supplementary information provided by the Government in light of the decision adopted by the Governing Body at its 338th Session (June 2020). The Committee proceeded with the examination of the application of the Convention on the basis of the supplementary information received this year, as well as on the basis of the information at its disposal in 2019.

The Committee notes the observations of the Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial and Financial Associations (CACIF) received on 30 August 2019 and the observations of the International Organisation of Employers (IOE), received on 2 September 2019, which contain general comments on the Convention. Likewise, it notes the joint observations of the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala received on 30 September 2019, which were formulated together with the Maya Waquib’ kej National Coordination and Convergence, the Association of Lawyers and Notaries of Guatemala (NIM AJPU), the Cultural Survival (Sobrevivencia Cultural) Association, the Committee of United Agricultural Workers (CUC), the Political Alliance for the Women’s Sector (APSM), the Madre Selva Ecologist Collective and the Maya, Garifuna and Xinca Ancestral Authorities. The Committee notes the Government’s replies to the observations from the IOE and the CACIF, as well as to the observations from the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala, received on 30 October 2019.

The Committee also notes the supplementary observations received from the CACIF and the IOE on 1 October 2020. Lastly, the Committee notes the observations of the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala received on 16 October 2020. The Committee requests the Government to provide its comments in this respect.

The Committee notes that some of the information provided by the Government refers to measures taken within the framework of the health and economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic to provide advice to workers belonging to indigenous peoples on their labour rights and provide them with economic support. The Government indicates that, as one of the vulnerable groups affected by the situation, indigenous peoples have benefited from urgent action to address their financial needs.

The Committee notes that, in their supplementary observations, the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala allege that certain of the measures adopted by the authorities in the context of the pandemic, such as the restrictions on freedom of movement, have had a disproportionate impact on the economic situation of rural indigenous communities. The trade union organizations also allege that certain indigenous communities have not benefited from health protocols to combat COVID-19 or from educational measures, such as courses via television, to which they did not have access. The Committee trusts that within the framework of the measures that the Government has reported have just been taken, it will be ensured that indigenous peoples benefit from appropriate protection against the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences.

Articles 2 and 33 of the Convention. Coordinated and systematic action. Institutions and national policy for indigenous peoples. In its earlier comments, the Committee noted the creation of the Office for Indigenous Peoples and Interculturality and of the process engaged for the development of the Indigenous Peoples and Interculturality Policy. It also noted the information regarding institutional instability, and the lack of a solid legal framework, budget and personnel to attend to the demands of the indigenous peoples. Accordingly, the Committee requested the Government to ensure the effective coordination and harmonization of the activities carried out by the different institutions responsible for implementing the rights provided in the Convention, defining their legal framework and ensuring the required resources.

The Committee notes from the Government’s report the establishment in January 2019 of the Special Social Development Office to replace the Office for Indigenous Peoples and Interculturality. The mandate of the new Office, which includes the Vice-President of the Republic, is to provide technical guidance on the design of development policies for indigenous peoples, coordinate the design and management of an action plan for indigenous peoples and interculturality, and support the development of indigenous institutions. The Committee notes that the Office has established six thematic working groups for the most excluded and vulnerable indigenous peoples, including the thematic working group on indigenous peoples. The mandate of this working group includes improving mechanisms for the management of the services provided by State institutions to indigenous peoples, promoting action for the development of consultation processes and a legislative agenda focused on indigenous peoples. The Committee notes the supplementary information provided by the Government in 2020 in which it indicates that responsibility for the thematic working group on indigenous peoples has been transferred to the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare. It also notes the information on the activities and meetings held by this working group to address issues relating to the rights of indigenous peoples (such as their labour rights, the coordination and language training of personnel in State bodies that provide public services in indigenous communities, and the enforcement of judicial sentences). The Committee also observes that, in accordance with its mandate of inter-institutional coordination and cooperation, the working group carried out an orientation exercise with its members to identify areas for intervention in line with national priorities and indicators focusing on indigenous peoples.

The Committee notes from the observations of the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala that there are many dispersed, weak, underfunded and unstable indigenous institutions and services, a situation which hampers the establishment of effective public policies for indigenous peoples; they add that there is no effective mechanism enabling indigenous peoples to participate in areas of interest to them.

The Committee notes the changes made to the institutions competent to deal with matters relating to the peoples covered by the Convention, and particularly the establishment of the thematic working group on indigenous peoples in the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare. The Committee trusts that the establishment of the thematic working group will contribute to the development of a robust and stable institutional framework for indigenous peoples. In this regard, the Committee requests the Government to provide information on the action taken by the thematic working group for indigenous peoples to ensure that the many bodies responsible for the matters covered by the Convention take systematic and coordinated action in cooperation with indigenous peoples. The Committee once again requests the Government to provide specific information on the means and resources available to the thematic working group for indigenous peoples and the other institutions dealing with matters concerning indigenous peoples to enable them to discharge their mandates, and information on the analyses conducted on the results of its actions.

The Government indicates that the formulation of the national policy for indigenous peoples was under the direction of the Office for Indigenous Peoples, and that its development is now the responsibility of the thematic working group for indigenous peoples. The Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala indicate in their observations that neither the indigenous peoples nor the trade unions have been consulted on the proposed policy. In reply to these observations, the Government reports that the indigenous peoples have participated in the formulation of the policy since 2014 through community consultation days held in different locations to facilitate access and participation by local leaders. It adds that, for the holding of the community days, support was sought from institutions and organizations with a presence in the communities, such as the Academy of Maya Languages of Guatemala, the Office of the Defender of Indigenous Women, indigenous municipalities and local indigenous organizations. In its supplementary information, the Government indicates that the subject of the draft policy on indigenous peoples and interculturality 2019–2032 continues to be on the agenda of the thematic working group, which has established an inter-institutional steering committee with members of the General Secretariat of Planning and Programming of the Office of the President. However, this action has been left pending by the declared state of emergency in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Committee requests the Government to continue providing updated information on the progress made in the adoption of the policy on indigenous peoples and interculturality, indicating precisely how the participation of indigenous peoples has been secured in the development of the policy throughout the national territory, the contribution of these peoples to the draft policy and when it is envisaged that the policy will be finalized.

Implementation of the Peace Agreement. In its previous comments, the Committee referred to various commitments drawn up as part of the Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples, part of the Peace Agreements of 1996, which have not been met, and it requested the Government to provide information on the measures adopted for their implementation. The Government reiterates that the Secretariat for Peace is responsible for follow-up and for coordinating the implementation of the Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples, also providing technical, professional and logistical support. The Committee notes that the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), in its 2019 concluding observations regarding Guatemala, reiterated its concern at the scant progress in implementing the Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and at the absence of a human rights and gender focus in the implementation of the National Reparations Programme (Document CERD/C/GTM/CO/16-17). In the written information communicated to the Committee on the Application of Standards of the International Labour Conference in 2019, the Government reaffirmed its unrestricted interest and commitment in taking the necessary actions to give continuity to the fulfilment of those commitments that are pending or partially fulfilled. The Committee requests the Government to intensify its efforts to implement the Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples, with the participation of the indigenous peoples, and to provide information on progress achieved, pointing to possible obstacles to its full implementation. The Committee also requests the Government to communicate information on the activities of the national compensation programme for victims of the armed conflict belonging to the indigenous peoples.

Article 3. Human rights. In previous comments, the Committee expressed its deep concern at the considerable increase in acts of violence and repression of social protests by indigenous peoples, and firmly urged the Government to take measures to investigate the acts of violence and to set in motion the relevant judicial proceedings to identify and penalize the perpetrators. The Committee notes the information provided by the Government on the current situation of the investigations undertaken by the Office of the Public Prosecutor and the progress in the criminal proceedings relating to four murders and attacks on the physical integrity of leaders and defenders of the indigenous peoples. It also notes the information provided by the Deputy Ministry of Security of the Ministry of the Interior on the risk analyses carried out by the Department for the Protection of Persons and Security and the security measures adopted for the family members and persons close to the murdered leaders. The Government indicates that since 2015 there have been no investigations directly related to the repression of social protest by indigenous peoples. The Committee also notes the information provided by the Office of the Public Prosecutor concerning 11 open cases of murder and threats against defenders and/or leaders of indigenous peoples, which are under investigation. With regard to the murder of indigenous persons during the social protests in Totonicapán in October 2012, referred to by the Committee in previous comments, the Government reports that the seven persons accused of those crimes have been placed under measures alternative to pretrial detention ordered by the criminal court of first instance. An appeal against those measures has been filed by the Office of the Public Prosecutor and the Association of 48 Cantons of Totonicapán.

The Committee notes from their observations that the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala refer to the murder of two elected mayors of Maya origin, as well as to the persecution of indigenous communicators. It also notes, from its 2019 concluding observations concerning Guatemala, that CERD remains seriously concerned at the acts of violence, threats and attacks against indigenous and Afro-descendent leaders and rights defenders, and also at the improper use of criminal procedure to criminalize those defenders (CERD/C/GTM/CO/16-17). Moreover, the United Nations Committee against Torture (CAT), in its 2018 concluding observations on Guatemala, indicates that private security companies sometimes took on the functions of the National Civil Police, creating an environment of intimidation amongst the indigenous communities (CAT/C/GTM/CO/7). The Committee notes that the Government, in the written information submitted in 2019 to the Committee on the Application of Standards, refers to the development of a Public Protection Policy for Human Rights Defenders in Guatemala, and to the dissemination, at the national level, of the Guatemalan system for monitoring the recommendations of the international human rights protection systems.

The Committee notes this information and reiterates its deep concern at the persistent reports of murders and attacks against defenders of indigenous peoples and indigenous communicators, and also at the absence of information on judicial decisions determining responsibilities and penalizing the perpetrators. The Committee recalls that the rights enshrined in the Convention can only be exercised where fundamental human rights, especially those regarding life and security of the person, are fully respected and guaranteed. The Committee therefore once again firmly urges the Government to intensify its efforts to ensure progress in the investigations and proceedings to identify and penalize the perpetrators and instigators of the acts of violence and persecution of defenders of indigenous peoples and indigenous communicators. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on the progress made in the adoption of the Public Protection Policy for Human Rights Defenders and the action envisaged under that policy to protect defenders of indigenous peoples’ rights.

Article 6. Appropriate consultation procedures. The Committee recalls that it has been raising the question of adopting appropriate consultation procedures in its comments for a number of years. In its previous observation, the Committee noted the existence of two Bills before Congress on consultations with indigenous peoples, but at the same time noted that the Government had not provided information on how indigenous peoples had been consulted regarding the Bills. The Committee also noted the related rulings of the Constitutional Court on the need for Congress to adopt legislation implementing consultation with indigenous peoples, as well as the social partners’ concerns at the lack of a regulatory framework for such consultation, developed in consultation with the indigenous peoples. The Government indicates that since 2007 five Bills on consultation have come before Congress. The Committee observes that the Government has not provided information on the current situation with regard to those Bills, nor on the consultation processes with indigenous peoples on their content. The Committee notes that the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala indicate that indigenous organizations rejected the consultation Bills, and that an attempt had been made to take the mere presence of indigenous peoples at the events organized by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare as signalling their support for the Bills. The Committee also notes from its observations that the CACIF recognizes the efforts made by the Executive to promote a procedure that would give legal certainty to the process of prior consultation. Nevertheless, the Committee reiterates its concern at the absence of an established procedure on the right to consultation, a situation which has led to contradictory legal rulings. In reply, the Government indicates that the Congressional Labour Committee convened the representative organizations of indigenous peoples and interested bodies to a public hearing in October 2019 to disseminate and discuss the content of a consultation Bill. The Committee notes, from the Government’s reply to the trade union’s observations, that the convocation was for a one-day hearing, it was written only in Spanish and restricted participation by indigenous peoples to two persons per organization. In the supplementary information provided in 2020, the Government provides a copy of the above-mentioned Bill submitted to the Legislative Steering Committee of Congress on 22 October 2019. The CACIF, in its 2020 observations, refers to the advisory opinion issued by the Constitutional Court in July 2020, in which it reiterates that the consultation procedure must be regulated by the Congress of the Republic through a legal provision, and emphasizes the importance of adopting legislation containing the necessary provisions to establish a consultation procedure in the country.

The Committee recalls that it is important for governments to establish, as a matter of priority and with the participation of the indigenous and tribal peoples, appropriate procedures for consulting the representative organizations of these peoples. In this regard, it reiterates the importance of holding prior consultations with the indigenous peoples before establishing those procedures (see General observations of 2010 and 2018). It also recalls that the consultations must be formal, full and aimed at producing genuine dialogue between governments and indigenous peoples, for which sufficient time must be given to these peoples to organize their own decision-making processes and to participate effectively in the decisions adopted. Based on these criteria and the information provided by the Government and the social partners, the Committee once again urges the Government to institute a consultation process with indigenous peoples with a view to discussing and subsequently adopting an appropriate consultation procedure with indigenous peoples, and requests the Government to provide information in that regard. The Committee encourages all interested parties to make every effort to participate in good faith in the process, with the aim of engaging in constructive dialogue that will lead to positive results. The Committee reiterates its request for information on the consultation processes engaged with the indigenous peoples, the methods employed, the entity directing the processes and the framework supporting them.

Article 14. Lands. In its previous comments, the Committee noted that the information provided by the Government on the implementation of the Programme for the regularization and allocation of State land showed no progress in terms of identifying and registering the communal lands of the peoples covered by the Convention. The Committee requested the Government to adopt measures without delay to protect the land rights of the indigenous peoples, and to provide information on the areas of lands titled, together with information on the application in practice of the national regulations on communal lands. The Government indicates that under the specific Regulation for the recognition and declaration of communal lands of 2009, the Cadastral Information Registry (RIC) had visited the communities to disseminate the Regulation and had conducted initial surveys of the communal lands. The Committee notes that the regulation cited establishes the requirement of consultation with the indigenous communities prior to cadastral survey in respect of lands the property of, in possession or tenure of, those communities. Between 2005 and 2019, the RIC carried out 36 surveys in the same number of communities where the lands could potentially be declared communal, and 11 communities have been thus recognized. In the written information submitted in 2019 to the Committee on the Application of Standards, the Government indicated that, given the socio-cultural characteristics of the country, the process for the recognition and declaration of lands as communal is slow. The Committee urges the Government to intensify its efforts in adopting the measures necessary to accelerate the process of identification, titling and registration of the lands that the indigenous peoples have traditionally occupied. In that regard, the Committee requests the Government to provide detailed information on progress made and the difficulties arising in those processes, and also on the manner in which indigenous peoples participate in their implementation.

In its previous comments, the Committee noted that the Secretariat for Agrarian Affairs had made efforts to facilitate the settlement of agrarian disputes, and requested the Government to provide information on resolved and pending conflicts. The Government replies that between 2015 and 2019, the Secretariat for Agrarian Matters dealt with a total of 1,484 cases, involving 2,149 persons belonging to different ethnic communities. It also informs the Committee that the Presidential Dialogue Commission, within which different Government entities and civil society groups interact, has taken up ten cases related to land and natural resources conflicts. The Committee notes that the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala indicate the persistent lack of protection of the collective property of indigenous peoples. Moreover, it further notes that CERD, in its 2019 concluding observations regarding Guatemala, refers to reports that indigenous peoples have been forcibly evicted from their territories without appropriate legal protection and, in some cases, through the use of excessive force (CERD/C/GTM/CO/16-17). The Committee urges the Government to take the appropriate measures to investigate the cases of eviction involving indigenous communities and to ensure that those communities have adequate means of defending their rights. The Committee requests the Government to continue providing information on the number of land conflicts dealt with and resolved through the efforts of the Secretariat for Agrarian Matters and the Presidential Dialogue Commission, giving examples of agreements reached.

Articles 6 and 15. Consultation, natural resources. Sacatepéquez cement plant. Since 2011, the Committee has been noting the conflict in San Juan Sacatepéquez related to the project to construct a cement plant and the Government’s attempts to promote dialogue between the enterprise mounting the project and the indigenous communities. In its last comments, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on the Peace and Development Framework Agreement signed between the San Juan Sacatepéquez municipality, the Government and 12 indigenous communities under which it was agreed to foster a climate of trust, seek out-of-court solutions to criminal proceedings, and aim to provide special assistance for victims of the cement plant construction. In that regard, the Government replies that in 2017 and 2018 the Presidential Dialogue Commission had approached the actors interested in transforming the conflict and letters of understanding had been signed, reaffirming cooperation between the communities, the Cementos Progreso Company, responsible for the cement plant, and the municipality of San Juan Sacatepéquez. It indicates that the enterprise, in coordination with the municipality, continues to undertake projects that are beneficial to the communities of Asunción Chivoc y Cruz Blanca, las Trojes 1, Santa Fe Ocaña, and Pajoques y Pilar 1. The Committee duly notes the Government’s indication that dialogue has been hampered by demonstrations led by mayors and community leaders against the regional ring road projected by the cement company in San Antonio Las Trojes. It notes from the observations of the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala that conflict and violence persist between those in favour and those against the projects of the Cementos Progresos enterprise; and that some members of the San Juan Sacatepéquez communities, who had engaged in passive resistance, have been victims of human rights violations. The Committee, while taking due note of the Government’s reaffirmed commitment to implement an immediate action plan answering to the communities’ concerns with participation, compromise and a role for the communities and their representatives, observes that some indigenous communities are still in conflict with the local government regarding the San Juan Sacatepéquez cement plant project. The Committee therefore encourages the Government to continue taking all necessary measures to restore the climate of trust and dialogue between the local government, the enterprise and all the communities affected by the project. The Committee requests the Government to provide specific information on progress in fulfilling the Peace and Development Framework Agreement, and the ways in which the indigenous communities concerned have been involved in its implementation. It also requests the Government to provide information on the measures taken to investigate the allegations regarding violations of the rights of members of indigenous communities communicated by the trade unions.

Review of mining legislation. In its previous comments, the Committee reminded the Government of the need to take steps to bring the mining legislation into line with the Convention’s requirements of consultation and participation. The Committee notes that the Ministry of Energy and Mines has set up a Revision Committee to draft reforms of the Mining Act with a view to including the content of Articles 6 and 15 of the Convention. It notes that six reform initiatives of that Act are currently before Congress, together with a number of Constitutional Court rulings setting forth consultations with the communities affected by the mining projects. In its observations, the CACIF stresses the innumerable economic losses, including the loss of jobs, brought about by the suspension of the mining projects in the absence of a clear consultation process. The Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala indicate that the Government has not complied with the order to hold consultations issued by the Constitutional Court in respect of various mining projects, and that the territories inhabited by the indigenous peoples continue to be laid open for extractive projects, with no participation by the communities affected. In that connection, the Government replies that in the absence of legislation on consultation in the country, the Constitutional Court’s guidelines have been followed, and that the Ministry of Energy and Mining has ensured the establishment of forums for the inclusion and participation of indigenous representatives in areas where they can influence the projects.

The Committee notes with concern the ongoing lack of a mechanism for clear and systematic consultations with the indigenous peoples applicable to the natural resources extraction projects in their territories, resulting in a number of judicial rulings of non-compliance with the obligation to consult. In this regard, the Committee once again urges the Government to take all measures necessary to ensure that the mining legislation is in accordance with Articles 6 and 15 of the Convention and that appropriate consultation procedures with the indigenous peoples are in place, designed in consultation with the peoples in question, in coordination with all institutions concerned, and aimed at establishing a climate of trust and legal certainty. The Committee emphasizes that the establishment of effective consultation procedures helps to prevent and resolve conflicts through dialogue, and reduces social tension.

The Committee hopes that the technical assistance that the Office has been providing the Government for the implementation of Convention No. 169 will help to address the matters raised in its comments and promote the full application of the Convention, and particularly the rights of the indigenous peoples enshrined therein.

The Committee is raising other matters in a request addressed directly to the Government.

The Committee takes note of the supplementary information provided by the Government in light of the decision adopted by the Governing Body at its 338th Session (June 2020). The Committee proceeded with the examination of the application of the Convention on the basis of the supplementary information received from the Government and the social partners this year, as well as on the basis of the information at its disposal in 2019.

Article 1 of the Convention. Identification of, and socioeconomic indicators for, the peoples covered by the Convention. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the holding of the Twelfth Population Census in 2018, which included questions related to ethnic self-identification and for which the Government carried out an awareness-raising campaign. The Committee notes that according to the results of the population census, out of a population of 14,902,286 inhabitants, 6,202,503 persons belong to the Maya people; 19,529 to the Garífuna people; 264,167 to the Xinca people, and 27,647 considered themselves creole or of mixed African descent. However, the census does not provide statistical information on the socio-economic situation of the various peoples covered by the Convention. The Committee notes that in its supplementary information the Government refers to various initiatives to improve the information and the compilation of statistical data identifying the indigenous population. Among these initiatives, the Committee notes the preparation of the manual on the inclusion of the right to self-identification in official statistics aimed at contributing to the production of official statistics that make indigenous peoples visible through the application of the right to self-identification in data compilation tools (census, household surveys and administrative records). The Government indicates in this respect that it is necessary to disseminate and implement the manual.

The Committee notes the data from the 2018 population census on the peoples covered by the Convention and welcomes the measures taken by the Government for the compilation of up-to-date socio-economic statistics on the indigenous population. In this connection, and recalling its general observation of 2018, the Committee encourages the Government to continue its efforts for the collection of data on the socio-economic conditions of the peoples covered by the Convention, including their access to the internet, with a view to the design of effective public policies and the monitoring of their implementation. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the progress achieved in this respect and to provide the statistics compiled.

Population of African descent. The Committee notes the concerns expressed in the 2019 concluding observations of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) at the lack of sufficient information about how the categories used in the census should be applied, which could hamper the self-identification of persons of African descent and other ethnic groups (CERD/C/GTM/CO/16-17). The Committee requests the Government to provide specific information on the location of peoples of African descent covered by the Convention, including examples of public policies specifically directed at that group.

Article 3. Prevention measures and awareness-raising to combat discrimination. With reference to its previous comments on the action to intensify prevention and combat discrimination against indigenous peoples, the Committee notes the detailed information provided by the Government on the action taken by the Presidential Commission against Discrimination and Racism (CODISRA) between 2018 and 2020. This action includes training and systematic capacity building for public employees dealing with indigenous peoples’ rights; activities to promote the rights of indigenous women with the participation of the gender units of the executive authorities and organizations of indigenous women; the campaign to promote a culture of denouncing the crime of discrimination, including the production of materials in 25 indigenous languages; and support and advice on an individual and collective basis in cases of discrimination and racism against indigenous peoples. In addition, the Committee notes that CODISRA formulated recommendations for the inclusion of relevant cultural factors in the COVID-19 Emergency Plan.

The Committee notes that the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and Global Unions of Guatemala indicate in their observations that indigenous candidates for political posts have been victims of discrimination on social media. The Committee also observes that CERD, in its 2019 concluding observations, expressed concern that the CODISRA and the Office of the Defender of Indigenous Women’s Rights are unable to discharge their mandates effectively owing to a lack of resources and capacity, and also because of the inadequate participation of indigenous peoples and persons of African descent in these institutions (CERD/C/GTM/CO/16-17). While taking due note of the efforts made by the Government to carry out campaigns and activities for the prevention of acts of discrimination against indigenous peoples, the Committee requests the Government to continue providing information on the measures adopted to promote respect for the culture of indigenous at the political, social and economic levels in the country, indicating how indigenous women and men participate in the design, implementation and subsequent evaluation of those measures. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on measures adopted to ensure sufficient resources for and to strengthen the capacities of the CODISRA and the Office of the Defender of Indigenous Women’s Rights.

Articles 3 and 30. Human rights and means of communication. In its previous comments, the Committee noted from the observations of the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and Global Unions of Guatemala the references to acts of repression against indigenous peoples’ means of communication, in particular community radio broadcasting, and requested the Government to provide information in that connection. The Committee notes that the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and Global Unions of Guatemala, in their 2019 observations, indicate that no progress has been made in the legal recognition of community broadcasting and permits for the use of frequencies, and that communicators and community broadcasters continue to be prosecuted. In reply to these observations, the Government indicates that the draft Community Communication Media Act is awaiting its third reading in Congress. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the measures taken to investigate the acts of persecution against indigenous communicators and their results. It also requests it to provide information on the adoption process of the Community Communication Media Act, with an indication of how the indigenous peoples have been consulted in this regard.

The Committee notes that since 2017 the Presidential Secretariat for Social Communication has helped to disseminate all material related to the strengthening, knowledge, respect and recognition of indigenous peoples, in Maya languages and in Spanish. It also notes that the Guatemalan Academy of Maya Languages disseminates and promotes traditional culture and languages through such media as radio and television advertising, social networks and video tutorials. The Committee requests the Government to provide more detailed information on the measures adopted to promote the existence of communication media that are in harmony with the culture and traditions of indigenous peoples and promote respect for their human rights, ensuring an appropriate environment for the functioning of such media.

Article 6. Political participation. The Committee notes that the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and Global Unions of Guatemala refer to the low level of political participation by indigenous peoples, specifying that for the period from 2016 to 2020 indigenous peoples’ representation in Congress stood at 11.39 per cent. In that regard, the Government indicates that, while training materials provided to voting officers are not translated into indigenous languages, it urges the departmental electoral boards to employ temporary trainers who speak the languages of their departments. It adds that although indigenous representation is still too low, there has been a significant increase in indigenous representation in Congress. The Committee requests the Government to continue providing information on increasing and strengthening indigenous peoples’ political participation, at least to the same extent as other sectors of the population, and at all levels, in decision-making in elected institutions and administrative and other entities responsible for policies and programmes that concern them. The Committee also requests the Government to indicate the measures adopted to ensure the cultural and linguistic relevance of the activities undertaken to communicate information on electoral processes and to promote political participation.

Articles 7 and 15. Cooperation in assessing environmental impact. Natural resources. The Committee notes, from the observations of the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and Global Unions of Guatemala, their concerns at the excessive logging and the disappearance of the San Simón river, the Sepalau lagoons, the Aplanada Coratzul and the Limón river, which supply various indigenous communities, due to the monoculture of the African palm. The Government indicates that the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources has begun investigations and carried out inspections, which have in some cases found that the droughts are due to natural causes. The Government provides information on some of the action taken by the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources in compliance with the Constitutional Court ruling on the Escobal mining project (San Rafael mine) (case No. 4785-2017). The Court ordered the review of the area affected by the project, which had been approved in December 2018, having elicited no reaction from any of the parties notified; it also ordered periodic monitoring of the project’s installations to avoid contaminating waterways during the project’s operation. The Committee requests the Government to indicate how cooperation is in practice ensured with the peoples concerned to assess the social, spiritual, cultural and environmental impact of planned development activities in lands occupied or otherwise used by indigenous peoples, including information on the measures adopted to guarantee the rights of these peoples to the natural resources pertaining to their lands.

Articles 8 and 12 Customary law and access to justice. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the Public Prosecutor’s Strategic Plan 2015–2019, which aimed to coordinate cases brought before the indigenous and the formal justice system. It requested the Government to continue taking measures to promote coordination and communication mechanisms between justice institutions and indigenous authorities so that they take account of the customary law of the indigenous peoples. With regard to access to justice, the Committee noted the measures adopted by the Government to provide culturally and linguistically relevant assistance during legal proceedings involving indigenous peoples. It noted the establishment of the offices for the defence of indigenous rights and encouraged the Government to continue adopting measures to overcome the ongoing difficulties in access to justice for indigenous peoples.

The Committee notes the Policy on Indigenous Peoples’ Access to Justice (PAIOJ) which the Government indicates is intended to give effect to the national and international agreements on human rights and the rights of indigenous peoples, and to the commitments made under the Peace Agreements. The PAIOJ promotes forum and the establishment of jurisdictional bodies to deal with indigenous matters, thereby protecting the autonomy of indigenous peoples and recognizing their authorities, facilitating policies that coordinate the judicial system with the indigenous customary system, and protecting the inherent right of participation by indigenous peoples in policies on judicial matters. The Government provides information on meetings between the indigenous authorities and actors in the justice system with a view to increasing coordination between ordinary justice and indigenous justice. It also includes a copy of the Supreme Court ruling (Criminal cassation decision No. 01004-2012-01848) in which the Court invokes Article 9 of the Convention in affirming that the State justice system must ensure that indigenous people are prosecuted in accordance with their own culture.

The Government indicates that the Office of the Public Prosecutor is administering the Policy on Indigenous Peoples’ Access 2017-2025, which seeks to adopt a comprehensive approach to transforming the services provided to indigenous peoples, including to indigenous women. The policy covers geographical access to the services of the Office of the Public Prosecutor, that are culturally and linguistically appropriate for indigenous peoples, and seeks to encourage persons belonging to indigenous peoples to enter the professional career system of that institution. The Government reports that in 2018 the Criminal Public Defence Institute appointed 263 indigenous women trade unionists as public defenders. The Committee notes the concern expressed by CERD in its 2019 concluding observations on Guatemala that, despite the Government’s efforts to ensure indigenous peoples’ access to justice, discrimination still persists, and the lack of cultural and linguistic relevance in the justice system continue to prevent effective access to justice for indigenous peoples, especially women (CERD/C/GTM/CO/16-17). In the written information submitted in 2019 to the Committee on the Application of Standards of the International Labour Conference, the Government indicated that coordination agreements had been signed by the Office of the Defender of Indigenous Women, the CODISRA and the Tz’ununija Indigenous Women’s Movement in order to strengthen coordination between those institutions.

The Committee requests the Government to continue taking measures to ensure the recognition of customary indigenous law and its application, in coordination with the national justice system, in cases that concern indigenous peoples, and to provide information in this regard. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the implementation of the policy on indigenous people’s access to the office of the Public Prosecutor, as well as on measures adopted to eliminate cultural and linguistic barriers and the discrimination that indigenous peoples, especially women, continue to face in accessing justice.

Parts III and IV. Conditions of work and employment. Vocational training. In its previous comments, the Committee requested the Government to report on the measures adopted to strengthen the labour inspectorate in the agricultural sector, in particular in the areas in which indigenous people are occupied, taking account of the information provided by the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and Global Unions of Guatemala concerning the high level of violations of labour rights in those rural areas. The Committee notes that, in their 2019 observations, the trade unions again report that indigenous persons receive significantly lower wages than non-indigenous persons. It also notes the concerns expressed by CERD in its 2019 concluding observations at information revealing the precarious working conditions faced by indigenous peoples in the agriculture sector and that they are the victims of labour exploitation or forced labour (CERD/C/GTM/CO/16-17).

The Government reports the publication of the single protocol on procedures for the labour inspection system, which incorporates the Convention within its legal framework, as well as the publication of the procedure for the inspection and monitoring of the rights of agricultural workers. Moreover, the Government indicates that in 2018 the Technical Institute for training and productivity provided employment training for a total of 27,594 indigenous persons (14,415 men and 13,179 women) from the Maya, Xinca and Garífuna peoples. It adds that, between 2013 and 2018 a total of 50,051 indigenous persons nationwide in search of work registered with the Electronic Labour Exchange, and that a total of 3,708 persons have been placed in jobs. According to the supplementary information provided by the Government in 2020, action has been taken, within the framework of the national policy on decent work, to implement a programme of technical skills training in rural areas through the provision of grants to vulnerable people. Of the 2,744 participants in technical courses, 1,147 were from the Maya, 15 from the Xinca and five from the Garífuna peoples

In the light of the information on violations of the labour rights of indigenous workers in the agricultural sector, the Committee recalls the fundamental role of the labour inspectorate in preventing violations of workers’ rights. The Committee therefore once again requests the Government to provide information on the measures taken to ensure that inspections are undertaken in the agricultural areas with the highest concentration of indigenous workers, indicating the number of inspectors assigned, the geographical zones covered, infringements detected and the steps taken to restore the rights of the indigenous workers victims of the violations. The Committee also requests the Government to adopt measures aimed at ensuring that indigenous rural workers are better informed of their labour rights, and to provide information in that connection. The Committee also requests the Government to provide more specific information on the vocational training programmes provided for indigenous persons, and their results in terms of access to skilled jobs, also indicating how the indigenous peoples participate in the organization and operation of the programmes and how their economic, social and cultural context is taken into account.

Articles 24 and 25. Health and social security. In earlier comments, the Committee noted the National Policy on Midwives from the Four Peoples of Guatemala (2015-2025) as well as the national strategy to prevent chronic malnutrition. It encouraged the Government to continue to take the necessary measures to make appropriate health services available to indigenous peoples. The Government indicates that, under the National Policy on Midwives, workshops have been held on guidelines on issuing documents to midwives. The Committee notes that the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and Global Unions of Guatemala indicate that the Supreme Court has granted amparo for midwives who have been victims of physical or psychological violence. In this regard, the Government indicates that the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance has been instructed to prepare a provisional budget for the acquisition of supplies for midwives, and to take the corrective measures required. The Committee notes that in its 2019 concluding observations regarding Guatemala, CERD expressed concern at the lack of cultural and linguistic relevance in the sexual and reproductive health services (document CERD/C/GTM/CO/16-17). The Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures to investigate cases of violence against indigenous midwives, and against indigenous women receiving gynaecological care, and to provide information on that subject. The Committee also requests the Government to report on progress in implementing the national policy on midwives, indicating what mechanisms have been put in place to ensure coordination between the public health system and the work of indigenous midwives, and the measures adopted to ensure the cultural and linguistic relevance of reproductive health services to indigenous women and men. The Committee requests the Government to continue providing information on the results of the measures adopted to combat chronic malnutrition in indigenous populations and on the number of indigenous persons who are covered by social security schemes.

Article 27. Education. In its previous comments, the Committee encouraged the Government to continue making efforts to implement the bilingual education policy and requested it to continue to provide statistical information in that regard. The Committee notes the statistical information provided by the Government on the number of pupils registered in pre-primary, primary and secondary education by department, and on indigenous students attending the various universities in the country. Between 2010 and 2017, there were 149,900 Maya students, 1,104 Xinca students and 981 Garífuna students registered in San Carlos University of Guatemala. The Committee requests the Government to provide specific information on the measures adopted to guarantee access to bilingual and intercultural education for indigenous children and young persons in cooperation with indigenous peoples, and on their results (enrolment, attendance and school dropout rates), including information on measures to promote access to and use of the internet in schools located in areas inhabited by indigenous peoples.

Articles 1–10 of the Convention. Protection for part-time workers. The Committee notes the Government’s first report received in 2019 as well as the supplementary information provided in 2020 in light of the decision adopted by the Governing Body at its 338th Session (June 2020). It also takes note of the observations from the Autonomous Popular Trade Union Movement and the Global Unions of Guatemala, received on 5 November 2019 and 16 October 2020, and the Government’s reply to these observations, as well as the observations from the Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial and Financial Associations (CACIF) and the International Organisation of Employers (IOE), received on 1 October 2020.

The Committee notes: (i) the adoption of the Regulations on Convention No. 175 in 2019 (Governmental Agreement 89-2019) with a view to ensure the effective application of the Convention; (ii) the decision of the Constitutional Court of 26 September 2019, suspending the application of various provisions of the Regulations pending the adoption of its final ruling on the matter; and (iii) the three legislative initiatives before Parliament concerning the application of the Convention: initiative 5477 (Act regulating Convention No. 175), initiative 5626 (Act implementing Convention No. 175) and initiative 5778 (amendments to the Labour Code).

Furthermore, the Committee notes, from the information provided by the Government and the social partners, that there is a debate between them at the national level on the question of part-time work and the application of the Convention. The Committee hopes that solutions to this debate can be found through social dialogue, including in the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the evolution of this debate, as well as on any measures adopted regarding the application of the Convention, including in relation to the above-mentioned legislative initiatives, and on the results of the ongoing constitutional procedure.

Articles 1(1), 2(1) and 25 of the Convention. Trafficking in persons. In its previous comments, the Committee requested the Government to continue to strengthen the capacities of the entities responsible for enforcing the 2009 Act against sexual violence, exploitation and trafficking in persons, and to provide information on the implementation of the various strategic components of the Public Policy against Trafficking in Persons and for the Comprehensive Protection of Victims (2014–24) adopted under the coordination of the State Secretariat against Sexual Violence, Exploitation and Trafficking in Persons (SVET), which is the body responsible for promoting, coordinating and evaluating the actions of various state bodies involved in combating trafficking in persons.

The Committee notes the detailed information provided by the Government in its report. It notes with interest that numerous activities were undertaken, in particular by the SVET, to prevent trafficking in persons through public awareness-raising initiatives and trainings, mainly among students in public schools, members of the civil society, civil servants, as well as members of the police and armed forces, in particular at border areas, including by continuing the “Blue Heart” campaign and by providing materials in indigenous languages and in braille. It notes that, according to the statistical information provided by the Government, 66,955 persons participated in actions of prevention carried out by the SVET in 2014, while they were more than 87,000 participants in 2016. It further notes that several public institutions regularly provided training to their staff in order to strengthen their knowledge on trafficking issues and relevant legislative provisions and that, according to the statistical information provided by the Government, 40,305 persons were trained at an internal level in 2016, among which public servants and officers from the SVET, the Public Prosecutor’s Office and the General Directorate of Migration.

The Committee notes that the SVET continued to coordinate activities and meetings in the framework of the Interinstitutional Commission against Trafficking in Persons (CIT) and that several actions were implemented in collaboration between the National Police, the Public Prosecutor’s Office and the SVET. The Committee notes that, in the framework of the implementation of the Public Policy, several instruments were elaborated by the SVET, such as a compendium of resources on trafficking in persons, the Guide for the identification of trafficking victims and the Reference Guide for trafficking victims. Referring to its previous comments on the recommendations made by the Human Rights Prosecutor’s Office in its March 2015 report, the Committee takes note of the detailed information provided by the Government on the measures implemented as a result, such as the adoption by the Prosecutor General’s Office of general instructions for victim identification and assistance, and prosecution of cases of trafficking (General Instructions Nos 3-2017 and 4-2017). In that regard the Committee takes note of Decree No. 18-2016 which authorizes the creation of positions of prosecutors specializing in trafficking in persons within the Public Prosecutor’s Office. It further notes the adoption of the anti-trafficking action plan for 2018–22 and that, from 2015 to February 2017, 328 cases of trafficking in persons were being prosecuted in first instances and 289 judgments have been handed down on trafficking cases, out of which 130 convictions on the basis of section 202 of the Penal Code. The Government adds that, during the same period, 305 new cases registered before judicial bodies and the Supreme Court were terminated by other means, mainly lack of merit, withdrawal or provisional closure. The Committee notes that several United Nations (UN) Treaty Bodies recently expressed concern at: (i) the lack of sufficient human, technical and financial resources to prevent trafficking in persons; (ii) the insufficient capacity of law enforcement officers to promptly identify victims; (iii) the insufficient number of specialized shelters, in particular in rural areas, and the lack of high-quality specialized services in shelters for trafficking victims; as well as (iv) the low rate of prosecution and convictions of perpetrators of trafficking of persons, despite the increase in the number of the specialized courts, and the failure to provide redress for victims (CMW/C/GTM/CO/2, 2 May 2019, paragraph 52; CAT/C/GTM/CO/7, 26 December 2018, paragraph 36; CCPR/C/GTM/CO/4, 7 May 2018, paragraph 12; and CEDAW/C//GTM/CO/8-9, 22 November 2017, paragraph 24). The Committee requests the Government to pursue its efforts to combat trafficking in persons and to provide information on the measures taken on the prevention, detection, assistance, protection and repatriation of trafficking victims, and the prosecution and punishment of perpetrators, including in the framework of the Public Policy against Trafficking in Persons and for the Comprehensive Protection of Victims (2014–24) and the anti-trafficking action plan for 2018–22. It asks the Government to continue to provide information on the measures taken to strengthen the capacities of the entities responsible for enforcing the 2009 Act against sexual violence, exploitation and trafficking in persons, in order to be in a position to fully and adequately identify cases of trafficking in persons for both sexual and labour exploitation, and conduct investigations throughout the whole territory. The Committee also asks the Government to provide information on the number and nature of investigations carried out on cases of trafficking in persons, judicial proceedings instituted and decisions handed down, while specifying the number of perpetrators convicted, penalties imposed on the basis of section 202ter of the Penal Code, which criminalizes trafficking in persons, and compensation awarded to victims, in accordance with section 58 of the 2009 Act.

Articles 1(1) and 2(1). Obligation to work overtime under threat of a penalty. Plantations. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the observations made by the Trade Union of Workers of Guatemala (UNSITRAGUA) concerning the case of enterprises that set production targets for their workers such that the workers, in order to earn the minimum wage, are obliged to work beyond ordinary working hours, with the overtime being unpaid. It noted the establishment of a special high-level commission of labour inspectors responsible for carrying out unannounced visits to monitor worker/employer relations in these workplaces, in particular through the implementation of an operational plan covering agricultural undertakings, plantations and farms in the Departments of San Marcos, Suchitepéquez, Quetzaltenango and Chimaltenango to verify compliance with the Government’s agreements fixing minimum wages for agricultural and non-agricultural activities. The Committee notes the information provided by the Government on the 62 labour inspections carried out in this framework in 2008 and 2009, which specifies that some farms could not be located because they closed, changed name or exact address was not provided. The Committee however notes that, in its 2019 annual report, the UN Office of the High Commissioner in Guatemala highlighted that workers on plantations in the Northern Transversal Strip reported the use of illegal contractors who charge workers to be hired; excessive working hours; high production goals; and payment of less than the minimum wage (A/HRC/40/3/Add.1, 28 January 2019, paragraph 76). Recalling that this question is also the subject of its 2019 direct request on the application of the Plantations Convention, 1958 (No. 110), the Committee requests the Government to provide information on the visits made by the labour inspectorate in the agricultural sector and the violations detected concerning the obligation to work overtime.

Article 2(2)(c). Consent of prisoners for work for private entities. The Committee recalls that, under the Prisons Act (Decree No. 33-2006 of 7 September 2006), detainees have the right to perform a useful and remunerated job outside the prison for public or private enterprises. The Committee notes that, according to the statistical information provided by the Government, between 2015 and 2017, 566,687 prisoners were working, mainly as own-account workers. It notes in that regard that prisoners who wish to work as own-account workers shall send an application to the prison director for the approval of their project and entering of tools and raw materials within the prison, and once approved prisoners are able to sell their products on the labour market under the supervision of the prison. The Committee however observes that the Government does not provide information on prisoners who work in private enterprises. The Committee once again asks the Government to provide information on the manner in which the prisoners formally give their free and informed consent to work for private enterprises in practice.

The Committee notes the information provided by the Government, which answers the points raised in its previous direct request and has no further matters to raise in this regard.

Article 1(a), (c) and (d) of the Convention. Penal sanctions involving compulsory labour imposed for expressing opposition to the established political, economic and social system, for breaches of labour discipline or for participating in strikes. The Committee recalls that for many years it has been requesting the Government to amend sections 419, 390(2) and 430 of the Penal Code as under these provisions prison sentences involving compulsory labour (in accordance with section 47 of the Penal Code) can be imposed to punish the expression of certain political views, as a means of labour discipline or for participation in a strike. Under the terms of section 419 of the Penal Code, “any public servant or employee who fails or refuses to carry out, or delays carrying out, any duty pertaining to his position or office, shall be punished with imprisonment of from one to three years”; under the terms of section 390(2), “any person committing an act intended to paralyse or disrupt an enterprise that contributes to the economic development of the country shall be punished with imprisonment of from one to five years”; and, finally, section 430 provides that “public servants, public employees and other employees or members of the staff of service enterprises who collectively abandon their jobs, work or service, shall be punished with imprisonment of from six months to two years. The penalties shall be doubled where such stoppage harms the public interest, and in the case of leaders, promoters or organizers of a collective stoppage”. The Committee further recalls that sections 390(2) and 430 of the Penal Code have also been the subject of its comments in the context of its supervision of the application of the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87), and that, further to the complaint made under article 26 of the Constitution for non-observance by Guatemala of Convention No. 87, a road map was adopted by the Government in 2013 in consultation with the social partners. In this framework, the Government undertook to submit to the prior consultation with the social partners the Bills designed to bring the national legislation into conformity with Convention No. 87 (point 5 of the road map).

The Committee notes the Government’s indication, in its report, that Bill 5199, that would amend sections 390(2) and 430 of the Penal Code, was presented to the National Congress on 31 January 2017. The Government adds that after more than 70 hours of work, trade union organizations and employers reached a bipartite agreement through social dialogue in June 2017 concerning the amendment of sections 390(2) and 430 of the Penal Code, specifying that those provisions “do not apply in cases of legal strike executed in accordance with current legislation, except for those who committed acts of violence against persons or against property or other serious infractions provided for” in the Penal Code. The Government states that in March 2018, the bipartite agreement was communicated to the National Congress asking for its approbation. Noting the Government’s indication that Bill 5199 entered into the second debate on 8 May 2018, the Committee observes that the draft legislation has not yet been adopted.

The Committee further notes that in November 2017 a tripartite agreement was reached, in collaboration with the ILO, which calls for the formation of a National Tripartite Commission on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association, which would monitor and facilitate the implementation of the 2013 road map. It notes that, on 6 February 2018, the National Tripartite Committee was established by Ministerial Decision No. 45-2018 and is composed of three subcommittees, namely on the implementation of the ILO road map, mediation and dispute settlement, and legislation and labour policy which is responsible for submitting tripartite agreed opinions on labour law initiatives to the National Congress. In that respect, the Committee notes that the Government indicates, that on 11 April 2018, a specific item was included on the agenda of the National Tripartite Committee to “issue opinions with regard to the recommendations made by the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations” concerning, inter alia, Convention No. 105. The Government states that the above-mentioned Bill 5199 does not provide for the amendments of sections 47 and 419 of the Penal Code, as such amendments would be addressed through social dialogue and tripartism in the subcommittee on labour law and policy of the National Tripartite Commission. The Committee refers to its previous comments where it noted that, according to the Government, work by persons convicted to a sentence of imprisonment is part of their rehabilitation and cannot be considered of a compulsory nature, despite section 47 of the Penal Code, which provides that “work by detainees shall be compulsory and shall be paid”. The Committee requests the Government to provide updated information on any progress made in the adoption of Bill 5199, and more particularly concerning the amendment of sections 390(2) and 430 of the Penal Code, as well as a copy of the new legislation once adopted. It further requests the Government to provide information on any progress made in the amendment of sections 47 and 419 of the Penal Code, in particular within the framework of the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Affairs and Freedom of Association.

Referring to its previous comments where it noted that the Government did not reply to the allegations made in 2012 and reiterated in 2015 by the Guatemalan Union, Indigenous and Peasant Movement (MSICG) concerning the criminalization of social protection and trade union action, the Committee notes the Government’s statement that it is unable to reply as it did not receive a copy of these observations. The Committee recalls that the MSICG referred to certain provisions of the Penal Code (and particularly section 256 of the Penal Code on the unlawful appropriation of property (usurpación)), which define the constituent elements of the offences that they criminalize in broad terms, such that conduct considered to be normal in the context of social protest, a strike or any other demonstration by society could be covered by these provisions and constitute a penal office. While noting the adoption in April 2018 of Order No. 5 2018 on the investigation of offences against human rights defenders by the Public Prosecution Service, the Committee observes that several United Nations Treaty Bodies, together with the UN Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples and the Office of the High Commissioner in Guatemala, recently expressed concern about: (i) the increasing frequency of the abusive use of criminal proceedings directed against human rights defenders, journalists and indigenous leaders, on criminal charges ranging from threats to public safety, incitement to crime, instigation, unlawful association to sedition or aggravated trespass, which is considered as a flagrant offence which automatically involves restrictions on the right to a defence; as well as (ii) arbitrary criminal prosecution of indigenous community radio stations. They also expressed concern about draft legislation relating to terrorist acts, public order and non-governmental organizations that would restrict freedom of expression, assembly and association by defining criminal conduct in vague terms, among other reasons (CERD/C/GTM/CO/16-17, 27 May 2019, paragraphs 25–27; A/HRC/40/3/Add.1, 28 January 2019, paragraphs 41 and 44–46; CAT/C/GTM/CO/7, 26 December 2018, paragraph 38; CCPR/C/GTM/CO/4, 7 May 2018, paragraphs 36 and 38; A/HRC/39/17/Add.3, 10 August 2018, paragraphs 44, 51, 53, 59; and CEDAW/C/GTM/CO/8-9, 22 November 2017, paragraph 28). The Committee further notes that, in the framework of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), the UN Human Rights Council also recommended that the Government ensure that human rights defenders can carry out their legitimate activities without undue impediment, obstruction or legal harassment (A/HRC/37/9, 2 January 2018, paragraph 111). The Committee urges the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that no person who participates peacefully in a strike or opposes the established political, economic or social system may be subject to a prison sentence involving compulsory prison labour, including human rights defenders, journalists and indigenous leaders. It requests the Government to provide information on any measures taken in that regard, as well as concerning the observations previously made by the MSICG.

Parts I and II of the Convention. Improvement of standards of living. With reference to the initiatives adopted to ensure that the improvement of standards of living is the principal objective of economic development, the Government indicates that the “K’atun National Development Plan: Our Guatemala 2032” is the long-term national development policy around which the related plans, programmes, projects and investments are articulated. The Committee notes that the main components of the Plan include the so-called “Wealth for All”, which sets out the basic action to improve the standards of living of the population of Guatemala through the promotion of economic development, the establishment of the conditions to encourage current and potential dynamic economic production to facilitate access to sources of quality employment and self-employment and income to meet the individual and family needs of the population. The Government adds that the country has made significant efforts to meet around 44 per cent of the targets set out in the framework of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Agenda 2000–15, including those relating to the reduction of infant mortality and overall malnutrition, the increase in adult literacy, and educational parity at the various levels, including the university level. The Government further reports the adoption of the General Government Policy 2016–20, which is focused on the promotion of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), tourism, housing and quality decent work. With reference to the promotion of MSMEs, the Government indicates that the General Government Policy establishes specific targets for 2019, namely an increase of 4 per cent in bank loans for small enterprises and of 3 per cent in micro-credit. With regard to the labour market, the Committee notes the targets for 2019 adopted in the General Government Policy to improve the labour market, namely: the gradual reduction of the unemployment rate, the progressive reduction of the rate of informal employment, a progressive lowering of the rate of underemployment, the progressive increase in the proportion of women in paid non-agricultural employment and a progressive reduction in the proportion of the active population living in extreme poverty. The Government indicates that in 2016 and 2017 all these targets were met as envisaged, with the exception of the target for the reduction of the proportion of the active population living in poverty. The Committee also notes the specific policies adopted by the Government with a view to improving the quality of life of the population, and particularly: the National Competitiveness Policy 2018–32, with the objectives of aligning social needs with productivity, increasing the skills of the workforce and creating greater opportunities for economic and social development for the population of Guatemala; the National Quality Employment Policy 2017–32, to generate employment, human capital and a conducive environment for enterprise development and the transition to formality; the National Policy for the Development of Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs); the Energy Policy 2013-27; the National Entrepreneurship Policy “Business Guatemala”; and the National Policy for the Development of Sustainable Tourism in Guatemala 2012–22. The Committee also notes the Economic Policy 2016–21, designed to increase public and private investment by improving its efficiency, increasing productivity and competitiveness and generating quality employment. The Policy includes an immediate recovery plan, based on investment in urban infrastructure and in strategic sectors. The Committee further notes the Guatemala Integrated Foreign Trade, Competitiveness and Investment Policy, which is designed to attract productive investment and increase and diversify trade, increase the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in foreign trade, optimize the trade and investment agreements negotiated and promote the production of goods for export and their adaptation to new international market trends. It also notes the Methodological Guide for the preparation of plans for municipal development and land planning, with the support of the Planning and Programming Secretariat of the Office of the President (SEGEPLAN), which will offer municipal authorities a management tool to programme short-, medium- and long-term interventions as a means of promoting change in the living conditions of the population. The Committee further notes the data provided by the Government on public investment in productive infrastructure during the period 2013–17, and principally investment allocated and implemented in the transport and infrastructure sector. Finally, the Committee notes the Act on school meals, adopted by Legislative Decree No. 16/2017, which has the objective of promoting the health and healthy food for children and young persons attending public and private schools. The Committee requests the Government to continue providing detailed and updated information on the initiatives undertaken with a view to ensuring that the “improvement of living standards” is regarded as “the principal objective in the planning of economic development” (Article 2 of the Convention), and information on their outcome, including statistical data disaggregated by sex, age and region of the country.

Article 4. Promotion of the productive capacity and improvement of the standards of living of agricultural producers. The Government reports the adoption of the Strategic Agenda 2012–25 of the Land Fund, of which the objective for 2025 is to facilitate the access to land of 784,764 families over a total of 1,333,300 hectares. The Government indicates that the Agenda has four components: access to land for comprehensive and sustainable development, the regularization of State land adjudication procedures, the development of Sustainable Agrarian Communities and institutional strengthening in response to social aspirations and legal mandates, supported by transversal components to strengthen the action taken. The Government reports that between 2014 and 2017, the Land Fund provided credits for the leasing of land for the development of productive projects intended to guarantee food security for 211,125 families, covering 19,139 hectares, which represents 4 and 1.44 per cent, respectively, of the strategic objectives indicated above in terms of the beneficiary families and the number of hectares. The Committee notes that the beneficiaries of the programme lay emphasis on the opportunity to increase their production capacity by using the subsidy to buy better seeds or chemical or organic fertilizers. The Government also reports on the implementation of the State Land Regularization Programme, as part of the second component of the Strategic Agenda 2012–25, to formalize the granting and use of State lands, through the granting of the respective legal title. It indicates that the strategic objective of the programme is to issue 33,440 public land titles by 2025. The Committee notes that between 2014 and the first quarter of 2018, some 5,942 individual land titles and 174 collective land titles were issued. The Committee also notes the information provided by the Government on the titles issued, disaggregated by year, department and the gender of the beneficiary. The Committee further notes the information provided by the Government on the results of the programmes implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food between 2015 and 2017, disaggregated by the gender and linguistic community of the beneficiaries. Finally, with reference to legislative matters, the Committee notes the texts approved to ensure the improvement of the standards of living of agricultural producers in Guatemala, including: Legislative Decree No. 19/2014, adopting the Act on plant protection and rights; Legislative Decree No. 2/2015, adopting the Act to promote the establishment, recovery, restoration, management, production and protection of forests in Guatemala (PROBOSQUE); Legislative Decree No. 5/2016, issuing the Act on education subsidies in marginal and rural areas; and Legislative Decree No. 19/2016, reforming the Act on the promotion and development of exports and the maquila, approved by Decree No. 29-89 of the Congress of the Republic. The Committee invites the Government to continue providing information on the Government initiatives adopted to increase the production capacity and improve the standards of living of agricultural producers. It requests the Government to include in its next report detailed information, including statistics disaggregated by sex, age and department, on the results of these initiatives.

Article 5. Minimum standards of living. The Committee notes the concluding observations of 9 December 2014 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in which it regrets the alarming level of poverty in rural areas, despite the establishment of the Rural Development Cabinet and the adoption of a plan of action targeting rural populations living in poverty. It also expressed concern about the limited budget allocated to the Ministry of Social Development and the limited number of families benefiting from the Mi bono seguro programme. Moreover, and despite the measures taken by the Government, the Committee regrets the number of cases of acute malnutrition in children under the age of five, which continues to be alarmingly high (E/C.2/GTM/CO/3, paragraphs 20 and 21). The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the official inquiries into living conditions that have been conducted or are planned after consultation with the representative organizations of employers and workers, in accordance with Article 5(1) of the Convention, and whether account has been taken of “such family needs of the workers as food and its nutritive value, housing, clothing, medical care and education” in “ascertaining the minimum standards of living”, in accordance with Article 5(2) of the Convention.

Part IV. Remuneration of workers. In its 2013 direct request, the Committee once again requested the Government to provide examples of collective agreements containing provisions on advances on wages. In this regard, the Government indicates that, based on an analysis of 86 collective labour agreements, it emerges that it is mainly private enterprises that provide for this economic benefit in their respect professional rules, for which reason the conditions and arrangements for the granting of advances on wages differ in each case. The Government refers to the professional rules of the Collective Agreement on Working Conditions of the municipal authorities of San Francisco el Alto, in the Department of Totonicapán, and the Collective Agreement on the Terms and Conditions of the Hospital Enterprise, Medical Centre, among others, in which the amounts and the conditions are set out for the granting of advances on wages. The Committee refers once again to section 99 of the Labour Code, which provides that: “Debts that the worker contracts with the employer [in relation to advances on wages…] shall be paid back in full, over a minimum of five pay periods, except when the worker voluntarily pays them back over a shorter period.” The Committee understands that certain provisions of the professional rules referred to by the Government are not in compliance with the provisions of section 99 of the Labour Code, such as in the professional rules of the Collective Agreement on Terms and Conditions of Work of the Coffee Industries Enterprise Ltd, clause 86 of which establishes that the worker shall pay back the advance received “over a period of not more than four weeks”. The Committee draws the Government’s attention to Article 12 of the Convention, which requires the competent authority to take measures to: (i) regulate the maximum amounts and manner of repayment of advances on wages; (ii) limit the amount of advances which may be made to a worker in consideration of her or him taking up employment, and that the amount of advances permitted are clearly explained to the worker; and (iii) provide that any advance in excess of the amount laid down by the competent authority is legally irrecoverable and may not be recovered by the withholding of amounts of pay due to the worker at a later date. In its previous comments, the Committee also requested the Government to indicate whether courts of law had made rulings on the matters covered by Article 12 of the Convention. In this regard, the Government reports that specific information is not available on whether any of the rulings are related to the matters covered by Article 12. The Committee once again emphasizes the importance of ensuring that full effect is given to Article 12 of the Convention and requests the Government to provide information on the measures adopted or envisaged to give effect in practice to Article 12 of the Convention, as well as updated information on court rulings on the matters covered by Article 12 of the Convention.

Comments adopted by the CEACR: Guatemala

Adopted by the CEACR in 2021

C081 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C087 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C087 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

Follow-up by the Governing Body of the progress achieved in the implementation of the technical cooperation programme “Strengthening of the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association in Guatemala for the effective application of international labour standards”

Legislative issues

Application of the Convention in practice

C098 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C110 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C129 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C141 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C149 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C149 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C154 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

Adopted by the CEACR in 2020

C097 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C100 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C111 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C156 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C169 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C169 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C175 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

Adopted by the CEACR in 2019

C029 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C095 - Replies received to the issues raised in a direct request which do not give rise to further comments (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C105 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C117 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

Comments adopted by the CEACR: Guatemala

Display the list by:

Adopted by the CEACR in 2021

C081 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C087 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C087 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

Follow-up by the Governing Body of the progress achieved in the implementation of the technical cooperation programme “Strengthening of the National Tripartite Committee on Labour Relations and Freedom of Association in Guatemala for the effective application of international labour standards”

Legislative issues

Application of the Convention in practice

C098 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C110 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C129 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C141 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C149 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C149 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

C154 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

Adopted by the CEACR in 2020

C097 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C100 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C111 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C156 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C169 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C169 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C175 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

Adopted by the CEACR in 2019

C029 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C095 - Replies received to the issues raised in a direct request which do not give rise to further comments (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C105 - Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

C117 - Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)