Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189) - Bolivia (Plurinational State of) (Ratification: 2013)

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2024, published 113rd ILC session (2025)

The Committee notes the observations of the Latin American and Caribbean Confederation of Domestic Workers (CONLACTRAHO), received on 1 September 2022. The Committee requests the Government to provide its comments in this respect.

Article 2 of the Convention. Scope of application. Exclusions. The Committee notes that the Government does not reply to its previous request concerning the exclusion of waged workers who perform domestic work occasionally or sporadically on an occupational basis from the scope of application of Act No. 2450 of 9 April 2003 regulating waged domestic work (Act No. 2450). In this regard, the Committee recalls that the possibility of total or partial exclusion from the scope of application of the Convention is limited and concerns only: (a) categories of workers who are otherwise provided with at least equivalent protection; and (b) limited categories of workers in respect of which special problems of a substantial nature arise (Article 2(2)(a) and (b) of the Convention). The Committee therefore once again requests the Government to provide a detailed explanation of the reasons why waged workers who perform domestic work occasionally or sporadically on an occupational basis are excluded from the scope of application of Act No. 2450 of 2003. In particular, the Committee requests the Government to indicate the exclusion option chosen, specifying, if applicable: (i) whether it is ensured that excluded workers receive protection at least equivalent to that received by other waged domestic workers covered by Act No. 2450; or (ii) what the special problems of a substantial nature are that arise with regard to the coverage of these categories of domestic workers. The Committee also once again requests the Government to provide information on consultations held prior to such exclusion with the most representative employers’ and workers’ organizations, and also with representative organizations of waged domestic workers and representative organizations of employers of waged domestic workers, where such organizations exist.

Article 3(2)(a) and (3).Freedom of association and collective bargaining. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the allegations of the National Federation of Domestic Workers of Bolivia (FENATRAHOB) that on 6 July 2018 its members participated in a demonstration protesting at the delay in the promulgation of the Supreme Decree relating to the affiliation of waged domestic workers to the National Health Fund. FENATRAHOB reported that, during the demonstration, the police used tear gas to repress its members, without taking into consideration that there were children present. In this regard, the Committee notes the Government’s general indication in its report that, further to the adoption of Supreme Decree No. 4589 of 28 September 2021 (Supreme Decree No. 4589), domestic workers are now protected by health insurance. In view of the fact that the Government has not responded to the other issues raised in its previous comment regarding the application of this provision of the Convention, the Committee once again requests the Government to: (i) respond to the observations of FENATRAHOB relating to the allegations concerning the actions of the police against its members during the protest of 6 July 2018 and the measures taken by the Government in this respect, if applicable; and (ii) take the necessary steps to ensure that the representative workers’ and employers’ organizations receive a copy of the report on the application of the Convention sufficiently in advance to be able to make their observations in this regard.

Article 3(2)(b). Elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour. The Government indicates that, under the Comprehensive Act No. 263 of 31 July 2012 against the trafficking and smuggling of persons (Act No. 263), the Plurinational Council on the Trafficking and Smuggling of Persons (CPTTP) was established. According to data from 2021, the CPTTP has implemented various measures to combat human trafficking, including: (i) the conduct at the national level of several operations against the trafficking and smuggling of persons and related crimes, operations which were planned and carried out by the Public Prosecutor’s Office and the Ministry of the Interior via the Department for Action against the Trafficking and Smuggling of Persons, in conjunction with the Bolivian Police; (ii) the development and delivery of a course on specialized techniques for the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking, smuggling of migrants and related crimes, in which more than 160 police officers, prosecutors and judges participated; (iii) the approval of technical cooperation projects with Brazil; and (iv) the holding of the first border security meeting with various Brazilian states (Acre, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Rondônia). The Committee notes the statistical information provided by the Government on cases filed in the various departments of the country under Act No. 263, included in the 2021 report on the implementation of the plurinational policy to combat the trafficking and smuggling of persons and related crimes. However, the Committee notes that this information does not enable identification of the cases involving domestic workers. Lastly, the Committee notes that the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Committee, in its concluding observations of 2 June 2022, while welcoming the measures taken by Bolivia to prevent and combat trafficking in persons and forced labour, expressed concern at reports indicating that trafficking in persons continues and that the number of convictions for trafficking and related offences is very low despite the high number of complaints (CCPR/C/BOL/CO/4, paragraphs 20 and 21). In view of the concerns expressed by the UN Human Rights Committee, the Committee requests the Government to step up its efforts, with respect to waged domestic workers, to prevent, combat and punish trafficking in persons and forced or bonded labour, and to ensure that these cases are investigated promptly, thoroughly and impartially. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on the nature and impact of the measures taken in this regard. The Committee further requests the Government to provide statistical information on the number and nature of offences reported in the sphere of waged domestic work, the investigations conducted, proceedings instituted and convictions handed down in this respect.

Article 5. Effective protection against abuse, harassment and violence. The Committee notes the information provided by the Government on the steps taken to prevent and take action against violence towards women, including in the workplace. In particular, the Government refers to the setting up: (i) in 2019, of the Plurinational Service for Women and Depatriarchalization (SPMD), responsible for monitoring laws and policies aimed at depatriarchalization and the implementation of programmes to guarantee women’s rights; (ii) in 2017, of the Inter-Institutional Commission responsible for the implementation of the comprehensive public policy for a life with dignity for women; and (iii) in 2022, of the Sectoral and Intersectoral Council for a Life Free of Violence (CSIVLV). Moreover, through the adoption of Ministerial Decision No. 196/21 of 8 March 2021, the Ministry of Labour adopted regulations governing the procedure for handling complaints of workplace harassment and sexual harassment of women in the workplace, established in Act No. 348 of 9 March 2013 on guaranteeing women a life free of violence. However, the Committee notes that CONLACTRAHO maintains in its observations that it is unclear whether the mechanism is applicable to domestic workers, given that its scope of application mentions enterprises, commercial establishments and public entities, but not employers who are individual persons, as is the case with waged domestic work. CONLACTRAHO also points out that the waged domestic workers interviewed indicated that they use the mechanisms established in the general laws to channel their complaints but that these mechanisms have shortcomings, and they emphasized that the sector’s unions play a fundamental role in supporting and advising workers in situations of violence. CONLACTRAHO denounces the fact that the waged domestic workers interviewed reported cases of abuse and psychological and physical violence, including sexual violence. Lastly, the Committee notes the Government’s indication that in 2021 a total of 315 complaints of workplace harassment were processed (143 of which resulted in injunctions to desist from such harassment), while in 2022 a total of 118 complaints were handled (61 resulting in injunctions to desist from such harassment). However, the Committee notes with regret that the Government has once again failed to provide information that would enable identification of the complaints relating to the waged domestic work sector and the specific measures taken to ensure that both male and female waged domestic workers enjoy effective protection in practice from all forms of abuse, harassment and violence. In this regard, the Committee draws the Government’s attention to Paragraph 7 of Recommendation No. 201, which identifies specific measures that can be taken in this respect. The Committee requests the Government to reply in detail to the observations of CONLACTRAHO. The Committee once again requests the Government to provide detailed, up-to-date information on: (i) the nature and impact of the measures taken to ensure the effective protection of male and female waged domestic workers against any form of abuse, harassment or violence, including the measures laid down in Act No. 348 of 2013 and Act No. 2450 of 2003; and (ii) the number of complaints lodged with the various competent bodies relating to harassment, abuse and violence against male and female domestic workers, the outcome of these complaints, the penalties imposed on those responsible, and the compensation granted.

Articles 6 and 9. Fair terms of employment. Decent working and living conditions. Domestic workers who reside in the household in which they work. The Committee notes the Government’s general indication in its report that Act No. 2450 of 2003 is binding and that Supreme Decree No. 4589 on the access of waged domestic workers to the National Health Fund and to social security is the foundation on which domestic workers can demand the observance of their labour rights. The Committee also notes the Government’s statement that there is a need, within the context of labour, to reinforce public policies for the protection and care of domestic workers. However, the Committee observes that the Government has not responded to its previous comments regarding the application of Articles 6 and 9 of the Convention. The Committee further notes that CONLACTRAHO, while highlighting the existence of a high rate of internal migration, reports cases of waged domestic workers from rural areas who are subjected to exploitation and work for low wages or even without receiving wages for months or years. The Committee requests the Government to reply in detail to the observations of CONLACTRAHO. The Committee once again requests the Government to indicate the legislative provisions under which it is guaranteed that waged domestic workers: (i) are free to reach agreement with their employer or potential employer on whether or not to reside in the household for which they work; and (ii) are not obliged, if they do reside in the household for which they work, to remain in the household or with household members during periods of daily and weekly rest or annual leave. The Committee also once again requests the Government to provide information on the application in practice of section 16 of Act No. 2450 of 2003, particularly on the number of complaints received regarding the withholding of identity and travel documents of waged domestic workers by their employer, the outcome of these complaints, and the compensation awarded.

Article 7. Written contract of employment. The Government recalls that, further to the adoption of Ministerial Resolution No. 218/14, the model individual employment contract in the waged domestic work sector was established, as well as the mandatory implementation of the passbook for the payment of wages and training in occupational safety and health. The Government indicates that the model contract was drawn up in conjunction with FENATRAHOB and that the Ministry of Labour has taken action on dissemination in this regard. The Committee welcomes the information provided by the Government regarding the dissemination measures implemented regarding the rights of domestic workers, such as: (i) the production of an advertisement by the Ombuds Office in conjunction with FENATRAHOB, which was published on social networks, concerning the right of domestic workers to join a trade union; and (ii) the production (in progress) of a radio script by the Department of Social Welfare Policy (DGPPS) in order to promote campaigns relating to domestic workers’ right to affiliation to the National Health Fund.

The Committee notes that CONLACTRAHO denounces the high level of informality in the sector. It also claims that, although FENATRAHOB created a model contract in conjunction with the Ministry of Labour to facilitate the registration of domestic workers, the verbal form of contract continues to be used and employment relationships are not registered. In this regard, CONLACTRAHO notes that, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of registered domestic workers is thought to have decreased – by an estimated 8.3 per cent in 2019 – indicating that a large number of domestic workers have lost their jobs or changed over to informal working conditions. CONLACTRAHO also asserts that there is no sustained state strategy to disseminate and promote the labour rights of waged domestic workers. Lastly, the Committee notes that the Government does not provide any information on the number of employment contracts concluded in writing, or on measures taken or planned to ensure that waged domestic workers belonging to disadvantaged communities, including indigenous and tribal communities, are informed of the terms and conditions of their employment in an appropriate, verifiable and easily understandable manner. The Committee therefore once again requests the Government to provide detailed, up-to-date information on: (i) the nature and impact of the specific measures taken to ensure that waged domestic workers, including those from indigenous and tribal communities, are informed of the terms and conditions of their employment in an appropriate, verifiable and easily understandable manner; and (ii) the means through which this information is provided, including printed or audiovisual material, and the languages in which it is available.The Committee also once again requests the Government to provide information on: (i) the nature and impact of the measures taken to promote the conclusion of written employment contracts in the waged domestic work sector; and (ii) the number of written contracts concluded. With reference to the Transition from the Informal to the Formal Economy Recommendation, 2015 (No. 204), the Committee requests the Government to indicate the strategies adopted or envisaged to reduce informality in domestic work.

Article 8(1) and (4). Migrant domestic workers. The Committee notes the Government’s general indication that special measures have been adopted to protect Bolivians abroad from violence, as well as policies to monitor their working conditions, guarantee mechanisms for access to justice in the event of violation of their labour rights, and arrange flights by embassies or consulates for persons who request repatriation. The Committee also notes that CONLACTRAHO, in its observations, highlights the fact that, although Argentina is a host country for migrant workers from Bolivia, no agreements have been concluded between the two countries and no mechanisms or protocols have been developed for the protection of migrant waged domestic workers. The Committee further notes that the Government has not responded to all the requests made in its previous comments regarding the application of Article 8 of the Convention. The Committee requests the Government to provide a detailed reply to the observations of CONLACTRAHO and once again requests the Government to: (i) take the necessary measures to ensure that migrant waged domestic workers receive a written job offer or employment contract, including the conditions of employment referred to in Article 7 of the Convention, prior to crossing national borders, and to send information on this matter; (ii) specify the conditions under which migrant waged domestic workers are entitled to repatriation further to the expiry or termination of the employment contract for which they were recruited; and (iii) provide information on the specific measures taken under the “National agreement for Bolivians abroad” in relation to waged domestic workers.

Article 11. Minimum wage. In reply to the Committee’s previous comments, the Government indicates in general terms in its report that it is working to ensure, protect and safeguard the effective exercise of the rights of women. However, the Committee notes that the Government has not replied to the comments and requests addressed to it on this matter in the last direct request. The Committee therefore once again requests the Government to take the necessary steps to compile information on the cases where violations of the obligation to pay at least the minimum wage to waged domestic workers are detected, and to provide information in this respect. The Committee also once again requests the Government to provide information on the number of wage passbooks which have been registered.

Article 13. Occupational safety and health. The Government indicates that, in January 2021, the Ministry of Labour formalized the “Biosafety protocol for the prevention, control and mitigation of COVID-19 for the waged domestic work sector”, which requires the employer, among other things, to provide waged domestic workers with personal protective equipment, and to arrange for medical care if necessary. The Government adds that, by communiqué No. 26/2020 of 3 June 2020, the Ministry of Labour reminded the general public that waged domestic workers are entitled to the payment of wages, compensation and employment benefits, and that they should be provided with biosafety equipment during the pandemic. The Government also indicates that the Ministry of Labour has publicized the above-mentioned protocol. However, the Committee notes that the Government’s report refers only to occupational health and safety issues linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Committee therefore once again requests the Government to provide detailed, up-to-date information on: (i) the nature and impact of measures adopted or envisaged that duly take into account the specific characteristics of waged domestic work, in order to ensure the occupational safety and health of these workers; and (ii) the consultations held with the social partners in this respect.

Article 14(1). Social security. The Committee notes with interest the promulgation of Supreme Decree No. 4589 of 28 September 2021, which regulates the affiliation of waged domestic workers to the National Health Fund. The Government indicates that this Decree was drawn up in consensus with FENATRAHOB and that it also enables waged domestic workers to receive short-term social security protection. The Government indicates that in 2022 it was planned to hold ten workshops, in collaboration with the National Health Fund and FENATRAHOB, to publicize Supreme Decree No. 4589. However, the Committee notes that, according to information from the National Health Fund provided by the Government, as at 5 August 2022 only 143 domestic workers were affiliated to the short-term social security scheme. In this regard, the Government recognizes the need to continue taking steps, in collaboration with the trade unions, to promote access to social security for waged domestic workers.

The Committee notes that CONLACTRAHO reports in its observations that less than 10 per cent of waged domestic workers have a registered employment contract enabling them to enjoy certain rights, including social security protection. CONLACTRAHO states that the above-mentioned regulations establish as a condition for the affiliation of workers to the National Health Fund that they receive a wage equal to or higher than the minimum wage. In this regard, the union indicates that the workers interviewed pointed out that most domestic workers earn less than the minimum wage and are therefore not covered by social security. Another problematic aspect of implementation, according to CONLACTRAHO, is the absence of institutional strategies for incentives and awareness-raising directed at employers to encourage registration, which places domestic workers in a situation of greater vulnerability since many are unwilling to demand affiliation to the National Health Fund for fear of being dismissed. While observing that the effective extension of social security to all waged domestic workers faces even greater difficulties than extension to other categories of workers, the Committee requests the Government to provide information on the specific strategies and measures implemented to facilitate the extension of social protection in general and to waged domestic workers in particular, and to promote the transition to formality for persons in the informal economy. The Committee requests the Government to continue providing statistical information on the number of waged domestic workers affiliated to the scheme described above.

Article 15. Private employment agencies. The Committee recalls that since 2017 it has been asking the Government to take the necessary steps, in collaboration with the social partners, to adopt the regulations on the operation of, and requirements for, private employment agencies for the purpose of preventing the trafficking and smuggling of persons and related crimes. The Committee notes that the Government reports the adoption of the regulations for the registration and operation of private employment agencies pursuant to Ministerial Resolution No. 1321/18 of 4 December 2018, as amended by Ministerial Resolution No. 108/19 of 1 February 2019. The Government indicates that in 2019 a total of 15 applications for the registration of private employment agencies were received, but registration was granted in only four cases on the basis of the established requirements being met. Lastly, the Government states that it is planned to amend the above-mentioned regulations. The Committee notes that CONLACTRAHO alleges that, despite the existence of the regulations, the waged domestic workers interviewed reported abuses by private employment agencies, including: (i) the drawing up of employment contracts that do not meet the requirements established by the Ministry of Labour; (ii) the deduction of 50 per cent of the domestic worker’s wage for the first month of work; (iii) the lack of monitoring of how waged domestic workers are treated by their employers; and (iv) the recruitment of women to work in other countries, despite this being prohibited by Bolivian regulations. The Committee requests the Government to provide a detailed reply to the observations of CONLACTRAHO. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on: (i) the status of the amendment of the regulations on the operation of, and requirements for, employment agencies, and to send a copy of them once they have been adopted; (ii) the consultations held with the social partners regarding the above-mentioned amendment; and (iii) the number of complaints lodged for suspected abuses and fraudulent practices linked to the activities of private employment agencies relating to waged domestic workers, the offences identified and the penalties imposed.

Articles 16 and 17(1). Effective access to courts, tribunals or other dispute resolution mechanisms. Complaint mechanisms. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that waged domestic workers can lodge complaints and make enquiries about their rights through the departmental offices of the Ministry of Labour and through temporary and established mobile offices. The Ministry of Labour is also looking into the use of mobile technology for filing complaints relating to possible violations of waged domestic workers’ rights. However, the Committee notes that CONLACTRAHO, in its observations, highlights the existence of obstacles to effective access to the justice system for waged domestic workers, such as the slowness of proceedings, bureaucracy, and also the lack of responses and of free legal advice. With regard to the number of complaints lodged by waged domestic workers with the various competent authorities, the Committee in its previous comments noted the Government’s indication that it does not have this information, stating that, on the basis of the principle of equality, the sector in which the victim works is not identified. In this regard, the Committee pointed out that the gathering of information on the complaints lodged by waged domestic workers, and the compilation of statistical information on waged domestic work, do not constitute discriminatory acts against them. The Committee also emphasized the importance of reliable, sufficiently disaggregated data as a firm foundation for evaluating compliance with obligations under the Convention. The Committee requests the Government to continue providing information on the nature and impact of the measures taken to ensure in practice effective access to the justice system for waged domestic workers, including measures taken to tackle the obstacles identified by CONLACTRAHO in its observations. The Committee also once again requests the Government to provide information on the number of: (i) complaints lodged by waged domestic workers with the various competent authorities, the penalties imposed on the persons responsible, and the compensation awarded; and (ii) complaints lodged by waged domestic workers with labour inspectors and the outcome thereof. The Committee also requests the Government to provide a detailed reply to the observations of CONLACTRAHO.

Article 17(2) and (3). Labour inspection and penalties.Access to household premises. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that an amendment of the inspection regulations is envisaged in order to safeguard the rights of waged domestic workers more effectively. An intensive campaign is also planned to publicize the new regulations and related tools so that both employers and workers are aware of them. The Committee recalls that Article 17(2) of the Convention requires the development and implementation of measures for labour inspection, enforcement and penalties with due regard for the special characteristics of domestic work, in accordance with national laws and regulations. The Committee requests the Government to send a copy of the inspection regulations, once the above-mentioned amendments have been adopted, and to continue providing information on the nature and impact of the specific measures taken regarding labour inspection in relation to waged domestic work.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2024, published 113rd ILC session (2025)

The Committee notes the observations of the Latin American and Caribbean Confederation of Domestic Workers (CONLACTRAHO), received on 1 September 2022. The Committee requests the Government to provide its comments in this respect.

Articles 3(2)(c) and 4 of the Convention. Child labour. The Committee refers to its 2023 observation regarding the application of the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138), in which it noted with satisfaction that following the declaration of unconstitutionality by Constitutional Court ruling No. 0025/2017 of July 21, 2017, and the approval of Law No. 1139 of December 20, 2018, which amends the Code for Children and Adolescents, the minimum working age was raised from 10 to 14 years. However, the Committee also noted that Law No. 1139 does not specifically amend Article 129 (II), which sets the minimum age for self-employed workers at 10 years and for children in an employment relationship at 12 years and asked the Government to confirm whether Article 129, II, of the Code for Children and Adolescents is effectively inapplicable.

The Committee notes, in this respect, the information provided by the Government in its report under the present Convention on the measures taken with a view to eliminating waged child domestic labour in practice, including: (i) the production of a registration and authorization form for work for young persons, in conjunction with the Ministry of Justice and Institutional Transparency (Ministry of Justice) and the Ombuds Office for Young Persons; and (ii) the progressive implementation by the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security (Ministry of Labour) of a system of temporary mobile offices in different areas with the aim of detecting any type of work by young persons under 14 years of age. While noting the Government’s efforts to combat child labour, the Committee notes with concern that CONLACTRAHO in its observations denounces the fact that, according to 2020 information from UN Women, child labour persists in the waged domestic work sector involving girls as young as 7 years old, generally from impoverished families in rural areas or small towns who migrate to capital cities to work. The Committee also notes that the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), in its concluding observations of 6 March 2023, expressed concern at the numerous reports of economic exploitation of children (according to a 2019 survey by the National Institute of Statistics, 83,000 children between 5 and 13 years of age work more than 40 hours a week and at night, including in hazardous conditions), particularly of Guaraní children in the Chaco region, as well as in the informal economy and in rural regions (CRC/C/BOL/CO/5-6, paragraph 44). The Committee further notes that CONLACTRAHO points out that, according to the National Institute of Statistics ongoing employment survey, in 2019 a total of 3,164 domestic workers between 14 and 17 years of age were registered. CONLACTRAHO also reports that, although the minimum age is set at 14 years, parents or guardians have the possibility of obtaining permission from the Ministry of Labour to enable children under 14 years of age to perform waged domestic work.

In its report, the Government indicates that, although it is clear that a high percentage of girls participate in economic activities, these are related to work within the family and not to waged work, and adds that family work does not necessarily constitute an employment relationship. In this regard, in view of the higher concentration of girls in the domestic work sector, the Committee emphasizes the need to address gender norms and discrimination, which increase the risk of child labour for girls in domestic work, particularly as child domestic labour is normally hidden from public view and is beyond the scope of labour inspectors, leaving children especially vulnerable to physical, verbal and sexual abuse (2022 General Survey on securing decent work for nursing personnel and domestic workers, key actors in the care economy, paragraph 655). In light of the above, the Committee strongly urges the Government to take the necessary measures, taking account of gender issues, to: (i) eliminate child domestic labour; and (ii) ensure that work performed by domestic workers who are under the age of 18 but above the minimum age for employment does not deprive them of compulsory schooling, or interfere with opportunities to participate in further education or vocational training, in accordance with Article 4(2) of the Convention. The Committee urges the Government to provide detailed information on the nature and impact of such measures and reminds the Government of the guidance on this matter contained in Paragraph 5 of the Domestic Workers Recommendation, 2011 (No. 201). In addition, taking into account the issues raised in its 2023 observation on Convention No. 138 as well as the concerns expressed by the CONLACTRAHO, the Committee asks the Government to clarify whether the national legal framework allows children under 14 years of age to be enabled to perform waged domestic work.

Article 10(1) and (3). Equality of treatment in relation to hours of work. Periods during which domestic workers are not free to dispose of their time. The Committee recalls that since 2017 it has been suggesting to the Government to consider the possibility of establishing a working day of a maximum of eight hours for all domestic workers, including those domestic workers who reside in the household for which they work. The Committee notes with regret that once again the Government has not provided information on the measures taken or envisaged in this regard. Accordingly, the Committee once again recalls that Article 10(1) of the Convention stipulates that measures shall be taken “towards ensuring equal treatment between domestic workers and workers generally in relation to normal hours of work”. Lastly, the Committee notes that the Government does not reply in its report to the other requests made in its previous comments relating to the application of Article 10. The Committee therefore once again requests the Government to take the necessary steps to establish, as for all other workers, a working day of a maximum of eight hours for waged domestic workers, including those waged domestic workers who reside in the household for which they work, and to send information on this matter. The Committee also once again requests the Government to indicate how the application of section 47 of the General Labour Act, according to which effective working hours include the time during which the worker is at the employer’s disposal, is ensured in practice in the waged domestic work sector. In this regard, the Committee draws the Government’s attention to the guidance contained in Paragraphs 8 and 9 of Recommendation No. 201.

The Committee is raising other matters in a request addressed directly to the Government.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

The Committee notes the observations of the National Federation of Waged Domestic Workers of Bolivia (FENATRAHOB), received on 18 September 2018. The Committee requests the Government to provide its comments in this regard.

Article 2 of the Convention. Scope of application. Exclusions. In reply to the Committee’s previous comments, the Government indicates that section 1(3) of Act No. 2450 of 9 April 2003 regulating waged domestic work (Act No. 2450 of 2003) provides that “work performed in service or commercial premises, even if it is carried out in private houses, shall not be considered waged domestic work”, with the aim of avoiding commercial activities being disguised as waged domestic work. By way of example, the Government indicates that the intention is to avoid workers being employed under the waged domestic work regime, for example when they carry out kitchen work in establishments selling food where the employer also resides. The Government adds that no categories or groups of waged domestic workers have been excluded from the application of Act No. 2450 of 2003. The Government indicates that waged domestic workers who perform work occasionally or sporadically on an occupational basis are not covered by Act No. 2450 of 2003 and are governed by the general system established in the General Labour Act. In this respect, the Government reports that Act No. 2450 of 2003 was developed with the participation of the representatives of waged domestic workers, who are aware of the informality that is characteristic of occasional or sporadic domestic work. The Committee requests the Government to provide a detailed explanation of the reasons why waged workers who perform domestic work occasionally or sporadically on an occupational basis are excluded from the scope of application of Act No. 2450 of 2003. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on the consultations that were held prior to this exclusion with the most representative employers’ and workers’ organizations, as well as with the representative organizations of domestic workers and the representative organizations of employers of domestic workers, where such organizations exist. The Committee also requests the Government to send detailed information on the manner in which it is ensured that the excluded workers receive protection at least equivalent to that received by waged domestic workers covered by Act No. 2450 of 2003.

Article 3(2)(a). Freedom of association and collective bargaining. The Committee notes the observations of FENATRAHOB affirming that, on 6 July 2018, its members participated in a demonstration protesting the delay in the entry into force of the Supreme Decree on the registration with the National Health Fund of waged domestic workers. FENATRAHOB reports that, during the demonstration, the police used tear gas to repress its members, without considering that there were children present. FENATRAHOB also reports that the right to collective bargaining of waged domestic workers has been limited, as they do not have access to collective bargaining forums and do not participate in decision-making processes regarding their rights. FENATRAHOB further affirms that the Government did not send it a copy of the report on the application of the Convention. In this regard, the Committee recalls that, under article 23 of the ILO Constitution, Governments shall communicate to the most representative workers’ and employers’ organizations copies of the reports on the application of ratified Conventions. The Committee requests the Government to reply to the observations of FENATRAHOB in relation to the allegations regarding police action against its members during the protest that took place on 6 July 2018 and the measures taken by the Government in that respect, if any. The Committee also requests the Government to adopt the necessary measures to guarantee that the representative workers’ and employers’ organizations receive a copy of the report on the application of the Convention with sufficient time to formulate their observations in that regard.

Article 3(2)(b). Elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour. In reply to the Committee’s previous comments, the Government refers, inter alia, to section 18 of Comprehensive Act No. 263 of 31 July 2012 on human trafficking and smuggling, which establishes that, to receive the prior authorization required to operate, private employment agencies must have, inter alia, internal rules of procedure that incorporate the principles of prevention and protection against trafficking and smuggling of persons and related offences. In the absence of information provided by the Government in this respect, the Committee reiterates its request to the Government to provide information on the effect given in practice in relation to domestic workers to the Comprehensive Act to combat the trafficking and smuggling of persons, including statistical information on the number and nature of the violations reported, investigations, prosecutions and convictions in that regard.

Articles 3(2)(c) and 4. Child labour. Minimum age. In its previous comments, the Committee requested the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure the amendment of section 129 of the Code of Children and Young Persons to bring the minimum age for admission to employment or work into conformity with the age specified in the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138), that is 14 years, as a minimum. The Committee also requested the Government to provide specific information on the measures adopted or envisaged for the abolition of child domestic labour. The Committee notes with interest that Constitutional Court Decision No. 0025/2017 of 21 July 2017 declared unconstitutional and abrogated, among other provisions, section 129(II) of the Code of Children and Young Persons. Section 129(II) provided for the possibility of authorizing own-account work by girls, boys or young persons between the ages of 10 and 14 years, and work for third parties by young persons between 12 and 14 years of age. Consequently, following the above-mentioned Decision, section 129 of the Code of Children and Young Persons fixes the minimum age of work at 14 years, in accordance with the provisions of Convention No. 138. Nevertheless, the Committee observes that the Government has not included information in its report on the measures adopted or envisaged with a view to abolishing child domestic labour in practice. Consequently, the Committee reiterates its request to the Government to provide detailed and updated information on the measures adopted or envisaged with a view to eliminating child domestic labour in practice.

Article 5. Effective protection against abuse, harassment and violence. In reply to the Committee’s previous comments, the Government reiterates that waged domestic workers benefit from the same protection against abuse, harassment and violence as that afforded to all workers under the Constitution and Act No. 348 of 9 March 2013 on guaranteeing to women a life free from violence. The Government also reiterates that waged domestic workers may lodge complaints or requests relating to abuse, physical assault or sexual or other types of harassment with the Brigade for the Protection of Women and Families, the police, the Office of the Public Prosecutor and other competent authorities. The Government indicates that no complaints of sexual harassment suffered by waged domestic workers have been lodged with the labour offices. In this respect, the Committee stresses, as it has done previously in relation to the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111), that an absence of complaints is not necessarily an indication that no sexual harassment is taking place. Regarding complaints brought before the courts, the Government provides general information on the complaints lodged for cases of violence against women. However, the Government indicates that it does not have information regarding which of these complaints referred to cases involving victims who were waged domestic workers, as the courts make no distinction as to the type of work or condition of the victim or complainant. In this regard, the Committee emphasizes that gathering statistical information on the number of complaints received of cases of abuse, harassment and violence against waged domestic workers does not constitute discrimination against such workers, but would allow the competent authorities to gain an understanding of the magnitude of the problem with a view to adopting the measures they consider appropriate and evaluating their impact. The Committee reiterates its request to the Government to provide detailed and updated information on the application in practice of the provisions of Act No. 348 of 2013 and Act No. 2450 of 2003 in relation to the protection of domestic workers against any form of abuse, harassment or violence. The Committee also once again requests the Government to provide statistical data on the number of complaints received of harassment, abuse and violence by the various competent bodies, the outcome of these complaints, the penalties imposed on those responsible and the compensation granted.

Articles 6 and 9. Domestic workers who reside in the household in which they work. In reply to the Committee’s previous comments, the Government indicates that it is customary when waged domestic services are contracted for the contracting parties to freely agree whether the waged domestic worker will reside in the house for which he or she works (cama adentro) or not (cama afuera). The Government also indicates that the custom is generally that waged domestic workers are not required to remain in the household or accompany members of the household during periods of rest or annual leave. The Government adds that, if this is not the case, the waged domestic worker receives extra payment for the period of time worked. The Government also indicates that, under section 16(c) of Act No. 2450 of 2003, employers are prohibited from holding workers’ personal effects, including identity and travel documents. In the event of violations of this provision, the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Welfare (MTEPS), through the labour inspectorate, is competent to summon the employer to appear before it and return the withheld documentation to the worker. The Committee requests the Government to indicate the provisions of the legal system under which it is guaranteed that waged domestic workers are free to reach agreement with their employer or potential employer on whether to reside in the household for which they work in accordance with Article 9(a) of the Convention, and, if they do reside in the household for which they work, they are not obliged to remain in the household or with household members during periods of daily and weekly rest or annual leave in accordance with Article 9(b) of the Convention. Furthermore, the Committee requests the Government to provide information on the application in practice of section 16(c) of Act No. 2450 of 2003, particularly on the number of complaints received regarding the withholding of identity and travel documents of waged domestic workers by their employer, the outcome of these complaints and the compensation awarded.

Article 7. Written contract of employment. In reply to the Committee’s previous comments, the Government reports that the MTEPS organizes information and awareness-raising campaigns, as well as workshops on the labour rights of waged domestic workers in different cities in the country. The Government indicates that, between the approval of Act No. 2450 of 2003 and March 2015, only four written employment contracts were concluded in the sector. FENATRAHOB also reports low numbers of employment contracts approved by the MTEPS. In this context, the departmental representatives of the Ombudsman from La Paz and the union of waged domestic workers of San Pedro ran a campaign between November 2014 and June 2015 to promote the conclusion of written contracts in the sector. The Government reports that this campaign provided information to 810 households. With regard to trial periods, the Government reports that waged domestic workers are governed by section 13 of the General Labour Act, which provides that, “… the trial period is deemed to include only the first three months …”. With regard to terms of repatriation, the Government refers to sections 4 to 19 of the Foreign Affairs Service Act of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Act No. 465 of 19 December 2013 (Act No. 465 of 19 December 2013), which establishes the authorities competent to execute plans, programmes or projects for the repatriation or return of Bolivian nationals and their families upon their request. However, the Government does not indicate how it is ensured in practice that domestic workers are informed of the terms of the trial period and repatriation, where applicable. Lastly, the Committee observes that the Government has not provided information in its report on the measures adopted or envisaged with a view to ensuring that waged domestic workers from underprivileged communities, including indigenous and tribal communities, are informed of the terms and conditions of employment in an appropriate, verifiable and easily understandable manner. The Committee requests the Government to continue sending detailed and updated information on the measures adopted or envisaged to ensure that waged domestic workers are informed of the terms and conditions of employment – including the trial period and terms of repatriation, where applicable – in an appropriate, verifiable and easily understandable manner. In this regard, the Committee requests the Government to provide updated information on the measures adopted or envisaged with a view to promoting the conclusion of written contracts of employment in the waged domestic work sector, as well as statistical information on the number of written contracts concluded. The Committee reiterates its request to the Government to provide detailed and updated information on the measures adopted or envisaged with a view to ensuring that waged domestic workers from underprivileged communities, including indigenous and tribal communities, are informed of their terms and conditions of employment in an appropriate, verifiable and easily understandable manner. The Committee also reiterates its request to the Government to indicate the means through which this information is provided, including printed or audiovisual material, and the languages in which it is available.

Article 8(1) and (4). Migrant domestic workers. In reply to the Committee’s previous comments, the Government reports that, in 2006, the issue of international migration was included on the political agenda, making it a central and priority concern. In this context, a “national agreement for Bolivians abroad” was concluded between various stakeholders, including representatives of national institutions, international organizations and civil society. However, the Government reports that there are no provisions in the legal system establishing an obligation to provide waged domestic workers with a written job offer or contract of employment enforceable in the country in which the work is to be performed prior to crossing the national borders for the purposes of taking up the domestic work to which the offer or contract applies. Regarding the right to repatriation of migrant domestic workers on the expiry or termination of the contract, the Government refers to sections 4 and 19 of Act No. 465 of 2013, which establish the authorities competent to execute plans, programmes or projects for the repatriation or return of Bolivian nationals and their families when such requests are made collectively. However, the Government has not provided information on the conditions under which waged domestic workers are repatriated on the expiry or termination of their contract. The Committee requests the Government to adopt the necessary measures to ensure that migrant waged domestic workers who are recruited in one country for domestic work in another receive a written job offer or contract of employment that is enforceable in the country in which the work is to be performed, addressing the terms and conditions of employment referred to in Article 7 of the Convention, prior to crossing national borders for the purpose of taking up the domestic work to which the offer or contract applies. The Committee also requests the Government to specify the conditions under which migrant domestic workers are entitled to repatriation on the expiry or termination of the employment contract for which they were recruited. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on the measures adopted under the “national agreement for Bolivians abroad” in relation to waged domestic workers.

Article 10(1) and (3). Equality of treatment in relation to hours of work. Periods during which domestic workers are not free to dispose of their time. In its previous comments, the Committee suggested that the Government might consider the possibility of establishing a working day of a maximum of eight hours for all domestic workers, including those domestic workers who reside in the household for which they work. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that there is no mechanism for recording hours of work in the waged domestic work sector for the ordinary working day or overtime. The Government adds that the implementation in practice of such a recording mechanism would not receive the support of waged domestic workers, as it could lead to deductions from wages for tardiness or absences. In relation to periods during which waged domestic workers are not free to dispose of their time as they please and remain at the disposal of the household in order to respond to possible calls, the Government indicates that these are considered to be hours of work under section 47 of the General Labour Act. This section provides that the effective working hours include the time during which the worker is at the disposal of the employer. Nevertheless, the Committee observes that the Government has not provided information on the measures adopted or envisaged with a view to establishing a working day of a maximum of eight hours, like all other workers, for all waged domestic workers, including those who reside in the household for which they work. In this respect, the Committee recalls that Article 10 of the Convention establishes that measures shall be taken “towards ensuring equal treatment between domestic workers and workers generally in relation to normal hours of work”. The Committee therefore requests the Government to adopt the necessary measures to establish, like all other workers, a working day of a maximum of eight hours for waged domestic workers, including those waged domestic workers who reside in the household for which they work. The Committee also requests the Government to indicate how the application of section 47 of the General Labour Act is ensured in practice in the waged domestic work sector.

Article 11. Minimum wage. In response to the Committee’s previous comments, the Government indicates that, while the MTEPS has a monitoring system for labour complaints, it is not possible to provide information on which of the cases detected of violation of the obligation to pay at least the minimum wage correspond to the waged domestic work sector. Nevertheless, the Government provides a copy of the wage and occupational safety and health book (LSySST), through which the obligation is fulfilled to record the payment of wages to waged domestic workers, in accordance with the provisions of section 1(II) of Resolution No. 218 of 28 March 2014. The Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures to compile information on the cases where violations of the obligation to pay at least the minimum wage to waged domestic workers are detected. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on the number of wage and occupational safety and health books registered.

Article 13. Occupational safety and health. In reply to the Committee’s previous comment, the Government reports that the MTEPS facilitates first aid training during fairs, campaigns and workshops held on the rights of waged domestic workers. The Government indicates that this training has been brought to the attention of the employers’ organization of waged domestic workers, the Housewives’ League. Furthermore, the wage and occupational safety and health book, the registration of which is compulsory, includes a section for recording the training received by the waged domestic worker at the expense of the employer in the area of occupational safety and health. On this matter, FENATRAHOB indicates that there are no specific regulations to mitigate the ever-present risks in the sector (such as handling electrical appliances, cooking food at high temperatures and performing tasks in unsanitary locations), and the general legislation on safety and health is applied, which is intended for industrial and mining activities, as well as all industrial activities involving polluting gases and unsanitary environments. FENATRAHOB also indicates that consultations have not been held with the social partners in relation to the application in practice of this Article of the Convention. The Committee requests the Government to continue providing detailed and updated information on the measures adopted or envisaged that duly take into account the specific characteristics of waged domestic work, in order to ensure the occupational safety and health of such workers. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on the consultations held with the social partners in this respect.

Article 14(1). Social security. In its previous comments, the Committee noted that section 24 of Act No. 2450 of 2003 provides that the registration with the National Health Fund (within the framework of the short-term social security scheme) of waged domestic workers is subject to further regulation by supreme decree. In this regard, the Committee requested the Government to take the necessary measures for the approval of those regulations. The Government reports the establishment of working groups, the members of which include FENATRAHOB, with the aim of drafting the above-mentioned regulations, which are currently being formulated. In this regard, FENATRAHOB reports that no measures have been adopted to ensure access to social security, including maternity, for waged domestic workers. It also reports that, in 2017, several meetings were held, with the technical assistance of the ILO, involving various institutions, such as the National Health Fund and the MTEPS, with a view to formulating draft regulations. FENATRAHOB indicates that, in this context, the Financial Unit of the Ministry of Health issued a report, without providing a technical basis, stating that the inclusion of waged domestic workers in the social security system would lead to its financial collapse. FENATRAHOB indicates that, thanks to coordination between different labour sectors and social entities, substantial progress was made in the final formulation of the draft supreme decree. In June 2018, FENATRAHOB was informed that the draft was before the Cabinet of Ministers for consideration. However, FENATRAHOB stresses that it has still not received information on the current status of the adoption process of the draft. With regard to long-term social security (pensions), the Government indicates that, under the provisions of Act No. 065 of 10 December 2010, any worker or natural person can make voluntary contributions with the objective of receiving a pension for old age, invalidity or death. However, FENATRAHOB reports that waged domestic workers still do not have access to the long-term social security system. The Committee reiterates its request to the Government to take the necessary measures for the approval of the regulations needed to guarantee the access of domestic workers to the National Health Fund, and to provide a copy of the regulations once they have been adopted. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on how the access of waged domestic workers to long-term social security (pensions) is ensured in practice, including statistical information on the number of waged domestic workers registered with this scheme.

Article 15. Private employment agencies. The Committee recalls that, in its previous comments, it noted that section 25(I) of Act No. 263 of 2012 provides that the MTEPS shall, by means of specific regulations, determine operational requirements, rights, duties, inspections, prohibitions and penalties for the purposes of preventing the trafficking and smuggling of persons and related crimes. In this regard, the Committee requested the Government to indicate whether these regulations had been adopted, and whether the social partners had been consulted on that matter. The Government reports that the regulations are still being formulated. The Committee requests the Government to adopt the necessary measures, in collaboration with the social partners, with a view to adopting the regulations on the operation and requirements of employment agencies and to provide a copy of the regulations once they have been adopted.

Articles 16 and 17(1). Effective access to courts, tribunals or other dispute resolution mechanisms. Complaint mechanisms. In reply to the Committee’s previous comments, the Government indicates that it does not have information on the complaints lodged by waged domestic workers with various competent bodies. The Government indicates once again that, on the basis of the principle of equality, the monitoring system for labour complaints does not identify the sector in which the victim works. The Committee indicates that gathering information on the complaints lodged by waged domestic workers with the competent bodies does not constitute a discriminatory act against those workers. With respect to complaints mechanisms, the Government reports that the labour inspection services have received training to handle complaints from all workers, including waged domestic workers. The Government indicates that there is a free-of-charge telephone line that is publicized through various media channels and a section for addressing complaints and advice on the institution’s website. In addition, as part of the MTEPS regional fairs and campaigns for waged domestic workers, labour inspectors provide advice on labour rights to such workers and handle complaints and allegations. Recognizing the importance of reliable and sufficiently disaggregated data as a firm foundation for evaluating compliance with obligations under the Convention, the Committee emphasizes once again that the collection of data specific to waged domestic work does not amount to discrimination. The Committee reiterates its request to the Government to provide information on the number of complaints lodged by waged domestic workers with the various competent bodies, the penalties imposed on those responsible and the compensation granted. The Committee requests the Government to continue sending detailed and updated information on the measures taken or envisaged to ensure in practice compliance with these Articles of the Convention. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on the number of reports and complaints lodged with labour inspectors by waged domestic workers and their outcomes.

Article 17(2) and (3). Labour inspection and penalties. Access to household premises. In reply to the Committee’s previous comments, the Government indicates that, under Article 25(I) of the Political Constitution of the State, every person has the right to the inviolability of his or her home, except in the event of judicial permission. The Government reports that the MTEPS is not competent to conduct inspections in private homes or residences. Inspections of private residences are only possible with the prior authorization of the owner or with an order issued by a judge. In this respect, the Committee recalls that Article 17(2) of the Convention establishes that measures shall be developed and implemented for labour inspection, enforcement and penalties with due regard “for the special characteristics of domestic work, in accordance with national laws and regulations”. The Committee therefore reiterates its request to the Government to provide detailed and updated information on the measures adopted or envisaged in relation to labour inspection, with due regard for the special characteristics of domestic work, in accordance with the national legislation.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2017, published 107th ILC session (2018)

The Committee notes the Government’s first report. The Committee also notes the observations of the National Federation of Salaried Domestic Workers of Bolivia (FENATRAHOB), received on 17 September 2015. The Committee requests the Government to provide its comments in this regard.

Article 2 of the Convention. Scope of application. Exclusions. The Government indicates that the Convention applies to all domestic workers and reports that, within the context of the tripartite social dialogue process between the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Welfare, FENATRAHOB and the Housewives’ League, no categories of domestic workers were identified who had been excluded from the legislation. However, the Committee notes that section 1, third indent, of Act No. 2450 of 9 April 2003 regulating salaried household work (hereinafter, Act No. 2450 of 2003), provides that “work performed in services or commercial premises, even if it is carried out in private houses, shall not be considered salaried domestic work”. The Committee also notes that the provision establishes that domestic workers shall be considered to be those who provide household services “continuously”. In this respect, the Committee recalls that Article 1(c) of the Convention only excludes from the definition of domestic worker a person who performs domestic work only sporadically and not on an occupational basis. The Committee requests the Government to indicate the manner in which effect is given in practice to section 1, third indent, of Act No. 2450 of 2003, and to provide examples. The Committee also requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that workers who perform domestic work occasionally or sporadically on an occupational basis are included in the definition of salaried domestic workers, and are therefore covered by the Convention.

Article 3(2)(b). Elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour. The Committee notes that article 46(III) of the Constitution prohibits forced labour and that section 281bis of the Penal Code establishes sentences of imprisonment for those responsible for subjecting or inducing a person to labour exploitation, forced labour or any form of servitude. The Committee also notes Comprehensive Act No. 263 of 31 July 2012 to combat the trafficking and smuggling of persons (hereinafter, Act No. 263 of 2012), and the approval of the Plurinational Plan to Combat the Trafficking and Smuggling of Persons 2015–19, the objective of which is to combat the trafficking and smuggling of persons and related crimes, and to guarantee the fundamental rights of victims. The Committee however notes that, in its concluding observations of July 2015, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) noted with concern the high and growing number of cases of trafficking in human beings, in particular women and children in border areas (CEDAW/C/BOL/5-6, paragraph 20(a) and (e)). The Committee observes that the Plurinational Plan indicates that, according to studies by the Organization of American States (OAS), many victims are Bolivian women who are taken to other countries as domestic workers and sometimes become victims of labour exploitation. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the effect given in practice in relation to domestic workers of the Comprehensive Act to combat the trafficking and smuggling of persons, including statistical data on the number and nature of the violations reported, investigations, prosecutions and convictions.

Articles 3(2)(c) and 4. Child labour. Minimum age. The Committee notes that, with regard to young persons engaged in domestic work, section 5 of Act No. 2450 of 2003 refers to the provisions contained in the national legislation respecting young workers. In this regard, the Committee observes that, under the terms of section 129(II) of the Code of Children and Young Persons of 17 July 2014, Offices for the Defence of Children and Young Persons may authorize own-account work by girls, boys or young persons between the ages of 10 and 14 years, and work for third parties by young persons between 12 and 14 years of age. In this regard, the Committee refers to its 2016 comments on the application of the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138). The Committee notes that the FENATRAHOB also expresses concern in this regard. The Committee refers to its previous comments on the application of Convention No. 138, and particularly its request to the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure the amendment of section 129 of the Code of Children and Young Persons to bring the minimum age for admission to employment or work into conformity with the age specified in Convention No. 138, that is 14 years, as a minimum. In this regard, the Committee requests the Government to provide specific information on the measures adopted or envisaged for the abolition of child domestic labour.

Article 5. Effective protection against abuse, harassment and violence. The Government indicates that domestic workers benefit from the same protection against abuse, harassment and violence as that afforded to all workers by the Constitution and Act No. 348 of 9 March 2013 to guarantee women a life free from violence (hereinafter, Act No. 348 of 2013). In this regard, the Government adds that domestic workers are able to lodge complaints or requests relating to abuse, physical aggression or sexual or other types of harassment with the Brigade for the Protection of Women and Families, the police, the Office of the Public Prosecutor and other competent authorities. However, the Committee notes that the CEDAW expressed concern at the prevalence of various forms of violence against women, and the lack of a strategy to prevent them (CEDAW/C/BOL/CO/5-6, paragraph 18). The Committee also notes the view expressed by the FENATRAHOB that there is no relation between Act No. 348 of 2013 and Act No. 2450 of 2003 with regard to the resolution of problems of gender violence and harassment at work suffered by women domestic workers. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the application in practice of the provisions of Act No. 348 of 2013 and Act No. 2450 of 2003 in relation to the protection of domestic workers against any form of abuse, harassment or violence. In particular, the Committee requests the Government to provide statistical data on the number of complaints received of harassment, abuse and violence by the various competent bodies, the outcome of these complaints, the penalties imposed on those responsible and the compensation granted.

Articles 6 and 9. Domestic workers who reside in the household in which they work. The Committee notes that section 21(b) and (c) of Act No. 2450 of 2003 establishes the requirement for the employer to provide workers who reside in the household where they work with: an adequate and clean room, with access to a toilet and shower for personal hygiene; the same food as the employer; and respect for the cultural identity of the men or women workers. The Committee observes that these provisions do not contain measures on respect for the privacy of domestic workers, and draws the Government’s attention to Paragraph 17 of the Domestic Workers Recommendation, 2011 (No. 201), which indicates that, when provided, accommodation should include “a separate, private room that is suitably furnished, adequately ventilated and equipped with a lock, the key to which should be provided to the domestic worker”. The Committee also notes that section 16 of Act No. 2450 of 2003 prohibits employers from retaining the personal effects of domestic workers. Finally, the Committee observes that the legislation does not contain provisions establishing that domestic workers are not obliged to remain in the household or with household members during periods of daily and weekly rest or annual leave, in accordance with Article 9 of the Convention. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the measures adopted or envisaged to ensure that domestic workers: (a) are free to reach agreement with their employer or potential employer on whether to reside in the household where they work; (b) are not obliged to remain in the household or with household members during periods of daily and weekly rest or annual leave; and (c) are entitled to keep in their possession their travel and identity documents. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on the measures envisaged or adopted to ensure in practice that domestic workers who reside in the household where they work enjoy decent living conditions that respect their privacy.

Article 7. Written contract of employment. The Committee notes that section 3 of Act No. 2450 of 2003 provides that “the work contract may be oral or written; it shall be in writing when it exceeds one year; in the absence of such a contract, it shall be presumed to be indefinite …”. The Committee also notes that Ministerial Resolution No. 218/14 of 28 March 2014 issued and approved the individual employment contract (CIT) as a model contract in the domestic work sector, and that it can be obtained free of charge in departmental and regional labour directorates or downloaded from the website of the Ministry of Labour. However, the Committee observes that the model contract does not include clauses respecting the trial period or the terms of repatriation, as envisaged in Article 7 of the Convention. The Committee requests the Government to indicate the measures adopted or envisaged to ensure that domestic workers are informed of their terms and conditions of employment, particularly those set out in the Convention, including the trial period and terms of repatriation, if applicable, in an appropriate, verifiable and easily understandable manner, particularly in the case of domestic workers, including those belonging to indigenous and from underprivileged, tribal communities. The Committee thus requests the Government to indicate the means through which this information is provided, whether through audiovisual or printed material or other accessible formats or languages.

Article 8(1) and (4). Migrant domestic workers. The Committee notes that, in accordance with section 12 of Act No. 370 of 8 May 2013 on migration, migrant workers enjoy the rights set out in national legislation under equal conditions with nationals. The Committee also notes that section 25(III) of Act No. 263 of 2012 provides that all private entities which contract the services of persons of foreign nationality shall register the employment contracts with the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Welfare. Nevertheless, the Government does not indicate whether such employment contracts must include the terms and conditions of employment referred to in Article 7, and whether migrant domestic workers must receive a copy of their employment contract prior to crossing the national border for the purpose of taking up the domestic work to which the offer or contract applies. Finally, the Committee also notes that the Government has not provided information on the entitlement to repatriation on the expiry or termination of the employment contract for which migrant workers were recruited. The Committee requests the Government to provide detailed information on the measures that have been adopted or are envisaged to ensure that migrant domestic workers who are recruited in one country for domestic work in another receive a written job offer, or contract of employment that is enforceable in the country in which the work is to be performed, including the terms and conditions of employment referred to in Article 7, prior to crossing national borders for the purpose of taking up the domestic work to which the offer or contract applies. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on the entitlement to repatriation of migrant domestic workers upon the expiry or termination of the employment contract for which they were recruited.

Article 10(1) and (3). Equality of treatment in relation to hours of work. Periods during which domestic workers are not free to dispose of their time. The Committee notes that section 11 of Act No. 2450 of 2003 provides for a working day of eight hours for domestic workers who do not reside where they work, while providing for a working day of ten hours for domestic workers who reside in the household where they work. The Committee also observes that the Act does not set out the requirement to keep a record of the overtime hours worked by domestic workers and that the Government does not indicate whether periods during which domestic workers are not free to dispose of their time as they please and remain at the disposal of the household are regarded as hours of work. In this respect, the Committee recalls that Paragraph 8(1) of Recommendation No. 201 indicates that “Hours of work, including overtime and periods of standby … should be accurately recorded”. The Committee suggests that the Government might consider the possibility of establishing a working day of a maximum of eight hours for all domestic workers, also including those domestic workers who reside in the household where they work. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the measures adopted or envisaged to ensure the recording of hours of work, including overtime and periods of standby carried out by domestic workers. The Committee also requests the Government to indicate whether the periods during which domestic workers are not free to dispose of their time as they please and remain at the disposal of the household in order to respond to possible calls shall be regarded as hours of work.

Article 11. Minimum wage. The Government indicates that section 14 of Act No. 2450 of 2003 provides that salaried domestic work shall be remunerated at a rate that is not lower than the national minimum wage for a full working day. The Government adds that Ministerial Resolution No. 218/14 requires the keeping of a wage and occupational safety and health book as an official document recording the payment of wages. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on cases detected of violations of the obligation to pay at least the minimum wage to men and women domestic workers. The Committee also requests the Government to provide a copy of the wage and occupational safety and health book.

Article 13. Effective measures to ensure occupational safety and health. The Government indicates that the general system established for all workers in relation to occupational safety and health applies to domestic workers. The Government adds that section 21(d) of Act No. 2450 of 2003 lays down the obligation of the employer, in the event of illness, accident or maternity, to provide first aid and immediately convey the worker to the health centre at the expense of the employer. In the event that the worker is not covered by the National Health Fund, the employer shall cover the costs of medical care. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on any measure that has been adopted or is envisaged to ensure the occupational safety and health of this category of workers, with due regard for the specific characteristics of domestic work.

Article 14(1). Social security. The Government indicates that section 8 of Act No. 2450 of 2003 recognizes the right of domestic workers to coverage by the National Health Fund, and that section 9 refers to the provisions of the Social Security Code respecting the registration and contributions of domestic workers to the National Health Fund. Section 24 of the Act provides that registration with the National Health Fund is subject to further regulation by Presidential Decree. In this respect, the Government indicates that draft regulations are under preparation to enable domestic workers, in the same way as any other worker, to benefit from short-term social security (health, occupational risks, maternity), although the regulations have not yet been approved. The Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures for the approval of the necessary regulations to guarantee the access of domestic workers to the National Health Fund, and to provide a copy of the regulations once they have been adopted.

Article 15. Private employment agencies. The Government reports that section 25(I) of Act No. 263 of 2012 provides that the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Welfare shall, by means of specific regulations, determine the operational requirements, rights, duties, inspections, prohibitions and penalties for the purposes of preventing the trafficking and smuggling of persons and related crimes. The Committee refers to its 2016 comments on the application of the Fee-Charging Employment Agencies Convention (Revised), 1949 (No. 96), in which it noted the Government’s indications in relation to the demands by the Bolivian Workers’ Confederation (COB) and FENATRAHOB for the closure of private employment agencies. The Committee notes that FENATRAHOB again emphasizes the need to eliminate private employment agencies, as on many occasions they resort to practices such as the signature of employment contracts for less than three months and the non-payment of the national minimum wage, while emphasizing that these agencies are directly related to the trafficking and smuggling of persons. The Committee requests the Government to indicate whether the regulations on the operation and requirements of employment agencies have been adopted, and whether they were adopted in consultation with the most representative organizations of employers and workers, and with organizations representative of domestic workers and those representative of employers of domestic workers.

Article 16. Effective access to courts, tribunals or other dispute resolution mechanisms. The Government indicates in its report that domestic workers have access, on an equal footing with other workers, to the administrative conciliation machinery of the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Welfare and to the courts to resolve disputes arising in their employment relationship. However, the Committee notes the view of FENATRAHOB that lack of knowledge of the provisions respecting salaried domestic workers and the excessive number of cases prevents them from being resolved rapidly. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the number of complaints made by domestic workers to the various competent bodies, the penalties imposed on those responsible and the compensation granted.

Article 17(1). Complaint mechanisms. The Committee notes that the Government has not provided information on the existence of complaint mechanisms to ensure compliance with national laws and regulations on the protection of domestic workers and that Act No. 2450 of 2003 only refers to the existence of complaint mechanisms in cases of abuse and sexual harassment. The Committee requests the Government to provide detailed information on the measures adopted or envisaged to ensure that effect is given in practice to this Article of the Convention, including legal advice and information on accessible procedures and mechanisms in a format or language that is understandable by migrant domestic workers.

Article 17(2) and (3). Labour inspection and penalties. Access to household premises. The Committee notes the indication by the FENATRAHOB that, despite the training provided by the Government for public officials on provisions favouring domestic workers, labour officials continue to lack knowledge of these provisions. The Committee also notes that the Government has not provided information on the access of labour inspectors to household premises. The Committee requests the Government to provide detailed information on the measures adopted or envisaged in relation to labour inspection, enforcement and penalties, with due regard for the special characteristics of domestic work. The Committee also requests the Government to specify, in so far as compatible with national laws and regulations, the conditions under which access to household premises may be authorized, having due respect for privacy.