Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98) - Viet Nam (Ratification: 2019)

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2025, published 114th ILC session (2026)

The Committee notes the Government’s report, including a statement that it shared the report with the Viet Nam General Confederation of Labour (VGCL), the Viet Nam Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Viet Nam Cooperative Alliance, which agreed with the content of the report.

Legal framework. The Committee notes the list of laws, decrees and decisions adopted or amended during the reporting period, as provided by the Government, and notes, in particular those with direct impact on the application of the Convention, the relevant elements of which are examined below: the revised Trade Union Law No. 50/2024/QH15 (hereinafter TUL); the Law on Cadres and Civil Servants, 2025; Law No. 10/2022/QH15 on Implementation of Grassroots Democracy; and Law No. 97/2025/QH15 Amending and Supplementing a Number of Articles of the Law on the Viet Nam Fatherland Front, the Trade Union Law, the Youth Law, and the Law on Grassroots-level Democracy Implementation. Further recalling from its previous comments, that numerous provisions of the Labour Code are drafted in a broad language, leaving extensive powers to the Government to stipulate further details on specific matters which fall within the scope of the Convention, including relevant rights, the Committee requests the Government to continue to provide information on the adoption or modification of any Government regulations giving effect to the provisions of the Convention.

Scope of application of the Convention. Specific categories of workers. In its previous comment, the Committee expressed trust that the Government would take the necessary measures to ensure that all workers within the scope of the Convention, whether foreigners or nationals, both in the private and public sector, can benefit from the rights set out in the Convention. It also requested the Government to provide information on the exact provisions of the laws governing public employees and public servants not engaged in the administration of the State, which give effect to the provisions of the Convention. Regarding public servants and public sector employees, the Committee notes the Government’s statement that, in addition to the legislation reported previously, their rights and obligations are also governed by the newly adopted Law on Cadres and Civil Servants, 2025 and the Law on Implementation of Grassroots Democracy, 2025. The Committee observes that while these instruments provide for the right to discuss, negotiate and decide on matters related to the workers’ legitimate rights and obligations and stipulate citizen’s participation in the determination of certain community matters, these forms of participation do not seem to amount to the voluntary negotiations envisaged for promotion under the Convention, despite a general reference to collective bargaining by workers in State-owned enterprises in section 67 of the Law on Implementation of Grassroots Democracy. The Committee notes, however, from the Government’s previous and current reports that the Labour Code and the TUL are applicable to public sector workers and public servants not engaged in the administration of the State and recalls that these instruments regulate the right to collective bargaining and protection against anti-union discrimination. The Committee further notes with interest the Government’s indication that the TUL, as amended, expands the right to establish, join and participate in trade union activities to workers without an employment relationship by using the notion of “Vietnamese workers” (section 5(1)) and notes the introduction of a new clause stipulating the establishment of “grassroots occupational unions” bringing together workers who do not have an employment relationship and work in the same industry, occupation or other specific types of work (sections 4(3) and 19(3)). Furthermore, the Committee, while welcoming the amendment to section 5(2) which extends the right to join and participate in trade union activities at the grassroots level to foreigners, notes that this right is subject to having a contract of minimum 12 months and recalls in this regard that the rights granted by the Convention should not be dependent on the existence of or the length of a foreign worker’s contract. In view of the above, the Committee requests the Government to consider further extending the rights guaranteed by the Convention to foreign workers, irrespective of the existence or length of their employment contract, and to indicate whether the new category of “grassroots occupational unions” of workers without an employment relationship benefit from the same rights and guarantees as other unions in relation to the application of the Convention. The Committee also trusts that public sector employeesand public servants not engaged in the administration of the State can, in practice, fully benefit from the rights provided by the Convention, including the direct voluntary negotiation of terms and conditions of employment beyond participation in congresses and public consultations.

Scope of application of the Convention. Protection of workers’ organizations at all levels and their members. The Committee previously called on the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that the rights provided by the Convention are guaranteed to workers’ and employers’ organizations at all levels (not only at grassroots level), as well as their members, both in law and in practice. The Committee observes that the Government does not address the question whether the numerous provisions of the Labour Code that deal only with workers’ representative organizations at the grassroots level are also applicable to higher-level organizations but instead seeks to clarify the organization and structure of trade unions in the country following the revision of the TUL in 2024. The Government indicates that the revised TUL covers trade unions at the central level, upper level (provincial, municipal, sectoral and similar levels), immediate superior trade unions and unions at the grassroots level in accordance with a legally mandated structure set out in section 8(1) of the TUL. The Committee understands that this structure should be understood in the light of the role assigned to the trade union movement (“Vietnam Trade Union”) by section 1 of the TUL, which is that of “a great socio-political organization of the working class and employees … founded on the voluntary basis and … a part of the political system of the Vietnamese society, placed under the leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam”. While further noting the Government’s indication that section 6 stipulates that a workers’ organization in an enterprise shall have the right to join the VGCL, it also observes that the VGCL shall provide guidance on accession of enterprise-level workers’ organizations to Vietnam Trade Union (section 6(4)) and that such organizations, once they join Vietnam Trade Union automatically cease to operate as an organization at the enterprise level and have their registration revoked (section 6(3)). The Committee therefore requests the Government to clarify the practical application of this provision and the effects of such affiliation on the right to collective bargaining of a workers’ organization at the enterprise level. The Committee also reiterates its request for the Government to indicate whether, under the Labour Code, the numerous provisions referring only to workers’ representative organizations at the grassroots level are also applicable to higher-level organizations. Should this not be the case, the Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures to bring the legislation in line with the Convention to ensure that the rights provided by the Convention are guaranteed to workers’ and employers’ organizations at all levels, as well as their members.

Equal access to the guarantees of the Convention. Independence of workers’ and employers’ organizations. In its previous comment, having noted that the legislation appeared to place trade unions under the direction or authority of higher-level trade unions, other organizations or political parties, thus interfering with the free and voluntary nature of collective bargaining, the Committee requested the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure full independence of workers’ and employers’ organizations at all levels in the exercise of their rights under the Convention. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that it has implemented comprehensive measures to ensure the independence of workers’ and employers’ organizations in exercising their rights under the Convention, which include: legislative improvements to ensure the independence of unions from employers and the right of workers to independently establish grassroots trade unions (section7(1) of the TUL), as well as to provide for an open and flexible model of trade union organizations (section 8(3)); measures to enhance the quality of trade union officials at all levels; and activities to guide and support the establishment of new grassroots trade unions. While welcoming these measures reported in detail by the Government, the Committee observes that they do not address the specific issues previously raised by the Committee in relation to the independence of workers’ and employers’ organizations from the authorities and higher-level organizations. The Committee also observes that many legislative amendments introduced in the TUL appear to rather strengthen the existing framework where lower-level trade unions are dependent on higher-level organizations or the authorities as referred to in its above comment. Recalling in this regard the importance of ensuring and maintaining independence of workers’ and employers’ organizations, not only from each other, but also from public authorities or political parties and higher-level organizations, so at to contribute to stable industrial relations, the Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure full independence of workers’ and employers’ organizations at all levels in the exercise of their rights under the Convention. The Committee also encourages the Government to consider reviewing the dual approach to legislation governing the rights granted by the Convention to ensure that, in practice, all workers’ organizations, irrespective of the legislation that governs them, have equal access to the guarantees of the Convention.

Articles 1 and 2 of the Convention. Adequate protection against acts of anti-union discrimination and interference. Higher-level organizations. The Committee previously noted that sections 3(8) and 175 of the Labour Code governing protection against anti-union discrimination only referred to workers’ representative organizations at the grassroots level and requested the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that protection against such acts is provided, both in law and in practice, to members of workers’ organizations at all levels. The Committee notes that the Government does not address this specific issue relating to the Labour Code but indicates that it has implemented a wide range of comprehensive measures to ensure protection of workers and trade union leaders against acts of anti-union discrimination and interference in trade union affairs. In particular, the Committee notes with interest the revised section 10 of the TUL that contains a comprehensive list of prohibited anti-union acts and acts of interference, including anti-union discrimination at all stages of employment and various measures aimed at manipulating or interfering with the establishment or operations of trade unions. The Government also points to strengthened protection against anti-union discrimination of union officials in section 28 of the TUL, which now also provides for trade union financial assistance to workers in the event of unemployment after an unlawful dismissal. The Committee also welcomes the information provided by the Government on actions taken by trade unions to raise awareness about anti-union discrimination and to coordinate inspections and monitoring of the implementation of labour laws, including measures taken to address acts of obstruction or discrimination against union members. The Committee trusts that the above measures will reinforce the protection against acts of anti-union discrimination and interference. In view of the lack of information on its previous request relating to anti-union discrimination provisions of the Labour Code that seem to be applicable only to trade unions at the grassroots level (sections 3(8) and 175), the Committee reiterates its request in this regard.

Articles 1, 2, 3 and 4. Effective and sufficiently dissuasive sanctions and remedies for acts of anti-union discrimination and interference. Sanctions for violations of obligations relating to collective bargaining. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to monitor, together with the social partners, the application in practice of the newly adopted sanctions for acts of anti-union discrimination, interference and failure to engage in collective bargaining (sections 6(1), 34(3) and 35–37 of Decree No. 12/2022/ND-CP) and to review the relevant provisions, where considered necessary, so as to ensure that the sanctions imposed are sufficiently dissuasive. The Committee notes that the Government points to sections 16 and 17 of the TUL, which provide a detailed regulation for the supervisory role of trade unions, without specifying at what level (monitoring, detecting, reviewing, evaluating and making recommendations in the formulation and implementation of policies and laws on trade unions), as well as on their role in social criticism (provide opinions and social criticism on draft legal normative documents, plans, programmes, projects and schemes of state agencies directly related to the rights and interests of trade union members and workers). The Government further indicates that a study conducted by the Institute of Workers and Trade Unions found several types of acts of anti-union discrimination or interference in practice, including dismissal, failure to reappoint, transfer, establishing regulations restricting certain groups of workers from being union officials, intimidation, obstructing or creating difficulties for trade union activities, interference in the election or selection of trade union officials, disseminating propaganda persuading workers not to join trade unions, offering material benefits or promotion promises to discourage trade union membership, making working conditions difficult to incite voluntary resignation of workers or trade union officials, disciplining of trade union officials, undermining the reputation of trade unions or its officials among members and workers and isolating the trade union. The Committee further notes the Government’s clarification that while many discriminatory acts have been detected in practice, most of them were resolved internally at the enterprise level and no reported cases of discrimination have been brought before conciliation, arbitration, labour inspection or courts. The Committee understands from the above that no sanctions have been imposed for acts of anti-union discrimination or interference and observes that no information was provided by the Government on any violations of obligations relating to collective bargaining. In light of the above and welcoming the increased supervisory role of trade unions, the Committee requests the Government to provide further information in this regard, including to indicate whether unions at all levels can engage in such supervision. The Committee requests the Government to continue to report on the practical application of the available procedures, sanctions and remedies to address anti-union discrimination, interference and violations of obligations relating to collective bargaining, in particular to indicate the number of alleged violations filed to the competent authorities (mediation, arbitration and judicial proceedings), as well as the average duration of the procedures and the type of sanctions and remedies applied as a result thereof. In view of the lack of any violations reported to the authorities, despite them being recorded, the Committee encourages the Government to take the necessary measures to raise awareness of the relevant stakeholders on the importance of preventing, monitoring and reporting violations relating to the prohibition of anti-union discrimination, interference in trade union affairs and failure to engage in collective bargaining and to provide information on the steps taken in this regard.

Collective bargaining at the level of the enterprise and sectoral bargaining. Minimum threshold of representativity. In its previous comment, the Committee expressed trust that the determination of the minimum threshold for workers’ organizations to engage in collective bargaining at the enterprise level, foreseen in general terms under section 68 of the Labour Code and to be further regulated in a decree, would be done in line with the Convention and requested information on its applicability to sectoral bargaining. The Committee notes the Government’s indication in this regard that a decree on workers’ representative organizations and collective bargaining is currently being studied and developed to ensure consistency with the applicable legal documents, including the TUL. The Committee trusts that the determination of the minimum threshold for workers’ organizations to engage in collective bargaining, both at the enterprise and sectoral levels, will be done in line with the Convention, as detailed in the Committee’s previous comments, so as to allow for free and voluntary collective bargaining among the parties, and invites the Government to avail itself of the technical assistance of the Office in this regard. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information on the determination of collective bargaining parties at the sectoral level in situations where more than one workers’ organization seeks to participate in such collective bargaining.

Collective bargaining in workplaces without a workers’ representative organization. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that, under the Labour Code, workers’ organizations at the enterprise (outside the Viet Nam Trade Union system) may be established but collective bargaining rights are only exercised by workers’ representative organizations. The Government states however that the amended TUL stipulates that in workplaces without a workers’ representative organization, trade unions have the right and responsibility to represent and protect the lawful and legitimate rights and interests of workers upon their request and that workplace dialogue and collective bargaining shall comply with labour law provisions (section 20). The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the application of this provision in practice so that it may contribute to promoting collective bargaining.

Adoption of collective agreements. Requirement to obtain opinions from workers. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on the practical application of section 76(2) of the Labour Code, which provides for specific requirements to obtain the opinions of workers and a vote in favour of a sectoral or a multi-enterprise collective bargaining agreement, before such an agreement can be adopted. The Committee notes the Government’s indication, that, in addition to the provisions of the Labour Code on consultation with workers, the TUL also stipulates the rights and responsibilities of trade unions, including representing workers in collective bargaining and engaging in workplace dialogue (section 11). While taking note of the reiterated role of trade unions in collective bargaining, the Committee observes that the Government’s information does not address the practical application of section 76(2) of the Labour Code, which provides for specific requirements to obtain the opinions of workers and a vote in favour of a sectoral or a multi-enterprise collective bargaining agreement, before such an agreement can be adopted. The Committee therefore reiterates its previous request.

Sectoral and multi-enterprise bargaining. Collective Bargaining Council. Powers of the Provincial People’s Committee. The Committee previously requested the Government to provide information on the role of representatives of the Provincial People’s Committee, as the State authority at the provincial level, in a collective bargaining council and requested the Government to ensure that any assistance or participation of state authorities in collective bargaining does not infringe the principle of the autonomy of the parties promoted by the Convention. The Committee notes that the Government reiterates the role of the representative of the Provincial People’s Committee, as a provincial-level state authority, in ensuring fairness, transparency and compliance with the law throughout the process of negotiating, concluding and implementing collective labour agreements. The Committee also notes that the Government refers to Circular No. 10/2020/TT-BLĐTBXH, 2020 of the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs, which provides details as to the establishment of collective bargaining councils and observes that, under the Circular: the Provincial People’s Committee can decide on the Chairperson of the bargaining council, if the parties do not propose one (section 6(2)(b)); provincial representatives can participate in the bargaining council (section 6(4)(a)); the provincial authority can review changes in Chairperson, provincial representative, functions, duties or plan (section6(5)); and representatives of the Provincial People’s Committee are responsible for supporting and providing necessary information to the parties for negotiation. Recalling that these aspects of participation of the Provincial People’s Committee in collective bargaining may raise issues of compatibility with the Convention, the Committee requests the Government to review, in consultation with the social partners, the involvement of provincial-level state authorities in sectoral and multi-enterprise collective bargaining and take the necessary measures to ensure that collective bargaining respects the principle of the autonomy of the parties, promoted by the Convention.

Procedures for the settlement of collective labour disputes. In its previous comment, the Committee observed that the provincial State authority seemed to play an essential role in the establishment, composition and functioning of the Labour Arbitration Council (section 185 of the Labour Code) which could raise concerns of full independence of this entity from state authorities and therefore requested the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that the Labour Arbitration Council is fully independent from the Government and to provide details as to the nature of the awards, orders or remedies that may be issued by an arbitration panel. Observing that the Government merely reiterates information provided previously on the applicable provisions governing the functioning of the Labour Arbitration Council but does not address the concerns above, the Committee reiterates its request in this regard.

Workers’ and employers’ organizations cited in the labour legislation. The Committee previously observed that a number of provisions of the TUL, the Labour Code and Decree No. 145/2020/ND-CP provide specific rights to enumerated workers’ and employers’ organizations and requested the Government to take the necessary measures to review the labour legislation to ensure that it does not cite specific organizations but rather uses a more general language. The Committee notes that the Government reiterates previously provided information that, due to historical circumstances, there is currently only one trade union beyond the enterprise level and observes that the revised TUL retains the approach of naming specific workers’ and employers’ organizations in numerous provisions. While taking due note of the historical circumstances to explain a lack of regulation of trade unions at higher levels, the Committee recalls once again that systems which cite by name in the legislation the organizations which have preferential rights may give rise to risks of partiality or abuse and are not compatible with the Convention. The Committee further recalls that it is preferable for legislation, when granting rights and obligations to workers’ and employers’ organizations, to use a general language, for example based on the level of representativity of the organizations concerned. The Committee therefore requests the Government to take the necessary measures, including legislative, so as to bring the law in line with the Convention on this point.

Collective bargaining in practice. In its previous comment, the Committee encouraged the Government to continue to provide updated statistics on collective bargaining in practice and to continue to take measures to promote the full development and utilization of collective bargaining under the Convention. The Committee notes the information provided by the Government on the number of collective bargaining agreements concluded yearly since 2022, with 1,429 new agreements signed in the first half of 2025 and 3,125 agreements amended or supplemented during this period. The Committee further notes the Government’s indication that: (i) since 2022, a total of 23 multi-enterprise collective bargaining agreements have been signed, with the participation of 116 enterprises and units, covering 148,520 workers, serving as an important foundation for moving towards sectoral collective agreements; and (ii) three sectoral agreements were newly signed in the garment and rubber industry. The Committee further welcomes the detailed information provided by the Government on the implementation of a number of measures to promote the development of collective bargaining to meet the requirements of the Convention. The Committee encourages the Government to continue to provide updated statistics on collective bargaining in practice and to continue to take measures to promote the full development and utilization of collective bargaining under the Convention.

Promotion of the Convention. The Committee previously requested the Government to continue providing information on measures taken to promote the application of the Convention. The Committee notes the Government’s detailed information on the amendments introduced to the TUL, which are examined above, as well as additional information on measures taken to promote the application of the Convention.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2022, published 111st ILC session (2023)

The Committee notes the Government’s statement that it shared the report with the Viet Nam General Confederation of Labour (VGCL), the Viet Nam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) and the Viet Nam Cooperative Alliance, which agreed with its content.

The Committee notes the Government’s indication on the adoption of the following decrees and decisions: Decree No. 12/2022/ND-CP dated 17 January 2022 on administrative sanctions in the field of labour, social insurance, and Vietnamese workers working abroad under contracts; Decision No. 416/QD-TTg dated 25 March 2020 promulgating the plan for the implementation of Directive No. 37-CT/TW on strengthening the leadership and direction of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam to build harmonious, stable and progressive industrial relations in the new situation; Decision No. 449/QD-TTg dated 26 March 2021 on the establishment of the National Wage Council; Decision No. 1413/QD-TTg dated 18 August 2021 on the strengthening of the functions, duties, organizational structure and operation of the Industrial Relations Committee and Decision No. 338/QD-LDTBXH dated 17 March 2021 on the announcement of newly promulgated, amended, supplemented and abolished administrative procedures in the field of labour and wages under the state management functions of the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs. Taking due note of the above, the Committee requests the Government to indicate any provisions of the above instruments which give effect to the Convention and to provide copies thereof (except Decree No. 12/2022/ND-CP already submitted by the Government and examined below).

Scope of application of the Convention. Specific categories of workers. In its previous comment, the Committee noted that foreign workers were excluded from the application of the Trade Union Law, 2012 (section 5(1)) and that the regime for certain workers (cadres, civil servants, public employees, personnel belonging to the armed forces and the police, social organizations, members of cooperatives and persons working without an employment relationship) would be regulated by other legal documents than the Labour Code, 2019 (section 220(3)). The Committee requested the Government to provide clarification on the legislation applicable to those categories of workers covered by the Convention. The Committee notes that the Government indicates that: (i) the Trade Union Law is applicable to the above categories of workers, including public employees and civil servants not engaged in the administration of the State, workers in managerial positions and workers without labour contracts but is not applicable to foreign workers whose rights are guaranteed in accordance with the provisions of the Labour Code; (ii) the Labour Code is applicable to all workers, irrespective of whether they are in a managerial position or casual workers; (iii) the Labour Code does not contain specific provisions on the rights of workers without an employment relationship but does not restrict their respective rights; (iv) the rights, obligations and working regulations of cadres, civil servants and public employees are prescribed in the 2008 Law on Cadres and Civil Servants and the 2010 Law on Public Employees, as well as their amending legislation, which do not prohibit the right to collective bargaining; and (v) under Decree No. 04/2015/ND-CP, civil servants, public employees and workers in administrative agencies and public non-business units can participate in the congress of cadres, civil servants and public employees and can also participate in discussions, negotiations and decisions on issues related to their rights and obligations. The Government adds that the application of the rights granted by the Convention is relatively new in the country and ILO technical assistance would therefore be welcome, in particular to work on improving legislation, developing relevant technical guidelines and enhancing enforcement capacity in practice. Taking due note of the above, the Committee recalls that the Convention covers all workers, whether nationals or foreigners, in both the private and public sectors, with the only authorized exceptions of the armed forces, the police and public servants engaged in the administration of the State (Articles5 and 6) and that its scope extends not only to the right to bargain collectively but also to protection against anti-union discrimination and acts of interference, as examined in more detail below. The Committee trusts that the Government will take the necessary measures, with the technical assistance of the Office, to ensure that national legislation and its application in practice are fully in line with the Convention so as to ensure that all workers within the scope of the Convention can benefit from the rights set out in this instrument. The Committee requests the Government to provide further information on the exact provisions of the laws governing public employees and public servants not engaged in the administration, which give effect to the provisions of the Convention, and to provide copies thereof.

Scope of application of the Convention. Protection of higher-level workers’ organizations and their members.The Committee previously requested the Government to provide clarification on whether the provisions of the Labour Code giving effect to the rights guaranteed by the Convention apply to upper-level workers’ organizations. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that section 7 of the Labour Code on the development of labour relations refers to” employers, employers’ representative organizations, workers and workers’ representative organizations”, without a qualifier, and that sections 65 and 72 of the Labour Code regulate collective bargaining at all levels, including beyond the enterprise. While taking due note of these indications, the Committee observes that other provisions of the Labour Code, including section 1 on its scope of application and sections 175-177 on anti-union discrimination and interference, refer only to workers’ representative organizations at the grassroots level (addressed in more detail below). While further noting the Government’s indication that due to historical conditions higher-level trade unions have not fully developed, the Committee must emphasize the importance of bringing national legislation in line with the Convention on this point, precisely to enable and promote free and voluntary collective bargaining at all levels with the representative organizations of the workers’ own choosing. The Committee therefore calls on the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that all the rights provided by the Convention are guaranteed to workers’ and employers’ organizations at all levels, as well as their members, both in law and in practice. The Committee invites the Government to avail itself of the ILO technical assistance in this regard.

Equal access to the guarantees of the Convention. Independence of workers’ and employers’ organizations.In its previous comment, in view of two different but partially overlapping laws giving effect to the provisions of the Convention – the Trade Union Law and the Labour Code – the Committee requested the Government to ensure that all workers’ organizations have equal access to the guarantees of the Convention, irrespective of the applicable legislation. It also observed that certain provisions place trade unions under the direction or authority of higher-level trade unions, other organizations or political parties and requested the Government to ensure the independence of workers’ and employers’ organizations in the exercise of their rights under the Convention. The Committee notes the Government’s information that the provisions of the Convention were transposed into the national legal system through the adoption of the Labour Code, which clearly stipulates that trade unions under the Trade Union Law and workers’ organizations at enterprises established under the Labour Code have equal rights and obligations in protecting the lawful and legitimate rights and interests of workers in labour relations (section 170). The Government also refers to numerous provisions of the Labour Code, the Trade Union Law and Decree No. 12/2022/ND-CP to demonstrate the independence of workers’ and employers’ organizations. While taking due note of the above, the Committee observes that the provisions pointed to by the Government deal with the prohibition of anti-union discrimination and interference by the employers, which, while relevant to the application of the Convention and addressed in more detail below, does not address the specific issues previously raised by the Committee, in particular that the applicable legislation appears to place trade unions under the direction or authority of higher-level trade unions, other organizations or political parties, thus interfering with the free and voluntary nature of collective bargaining. Recalling in this regard the importance of ensuring and maintaining independence of workers’ and employers’ organizations, not only from each other, but also from public authorities or political parties and higher-level organizations, so at to contribute to stable industrial relations,the Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure full independence of workers’ and employers’ organizations at all levels in the exercise of their rights under the Convention. Further noting the continued duality of legislation governing the rights of workers’ organizations but noting the Government’s clarification in this regard, the Committee trusts that, in practice, all workers’ organizations, irrespective of the legislation that governs them, have equal access to the guarantees of the Convention and encourages the Government to consider reviewing the dual approach to legislation governing the rights granted by the Convention.

Government regulations. The Committee previously noted that numerous provisions of the Labour Code are drafted in a broad language, leaving extensive powers to the Government to stipulate further details on specific matters which fall within the scope of the Convention and requested the Government to clarify whether any such regulations were already adopted. The Committee notes that the Government points to: (i) Decree No. 145/2020/ND-CP regulating, in particular, the organization and operations of the Labour Arbitration Council and the Labour Arbitration Panel, as well as criteria and qualifications for the appointment of labour arbitrators; (ii) Circular No. 10/2020/TT-BLDTBXH detailing the functions, duties and operations of collective bargaining councils; and (iii) draft Decree on workers’ representative organizations and collective bargaining which aims to regulate the minimum membership requirements to engage in collective bargaining. The Committee takes note of this information and recalls that some of the decrees were examined in its previous comment and others are mentioned in this comment. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide information on the adoption or modification of any Government regulations giving effect to the provisions of the Convention.

Articles 1 and 2 of the Convention. Adequate protection against acts of anti-union discrimination and interference. Higher-level organizations. The Committee previously welcomed provisions of the Trade Union Law (sections 9 and 25) and the Labour Code (sections 3(8), 5, 8(1), 175 and 177) prohibiting various forms of anti-union discrimination and interference, and requested the Government to clarify whether these provisions also apply to higher-level organizations. The Committee notes that the Government informs that: (i) section 9 of the Trade Union Law prohibiting acts of anti-union discrimination and interference is generally applicable to all subjects and protects members of grassroots unions, as well as upper-level trade unions; and (ii) section 8(1) of the Labour Code prohibiting “discrimination at work” is generally applicable to all subjects covered by the Labour Code, regardless of whether they are members of grassroots or upper-level unions. Taking due note of the above, the Committee observes, however, that even though section 8(1) of the Labour Code prohibits “discrimination at work” in general terms, section 3(8) which defines such discrimination refers to trade unions and workers’ organizations at the enterprise level. Furthermore, the Committee notes the Government’s indication that section 175 of the Labour Code prohibiting anti-union discrimination and interference is applicable to workers’ representative organizations at the grassroots level. Recalling that the protection afforded to workers and trade union leaders against acts of anti-union discrimination and interference in union affairs is an essential aspect of freedom of association, the Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures, including legislative, to ensure that protection against such acts is provided, both in law and in practice, to members of workers’ organizations at all levels, including at the sectoral and national levels.

Articles 1, 2, 3 and 4. Effective and sufficiently dissuasive sanctions and remedies for acts of anti-union discrimination and interference. Sanctions for violations of obligations relating to collective bargaining. The Committee previously noted that the level of fines imposable on employers for acts of anti-union discrimination and interference in trade union affairs (Vietnamese Dong (VND) 3,000,000 to 20,000,000 (equals to US$120 to 883)), as well as for failure to engage in collective bargaining (VND3,000,000 to 5,000,000 (equals to US$120 to 221)), as set out in Decree No. 28/2020/ND-CP, may not be sufficiently dissuasive and requested the Government to consider raising the level of fines. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that Decree No. 28/2020/ND-CP was replaced by Decree No. 12/2022/ND-CP developed in close consultation with the VGCL, the VCCI and the Viet Nam Cooperative Alliances and that the level of fines in relation to workers’ representative organizations at the grassroots level and trade unions has been raised. The Committee notes, in particular, that the fines imposable on employers for acts of anti-union discrimination and interference in trade union affairs now range from VND 3,000,000 to 40,000,000 (equals to US$120 to 1,610) (sections 34(3) and 35-37 of the Decree) and that these fines concern individuals responsible for the violations, whereas the amount of the monetary penalty imposed on entities is two times higher (section 6(1) of the Decree). Similarly, the level of fines imposable on employers for violations of obligations relating to collective bargaining was increased and Decree No. 12/2022/ND-CP contains more detailed provisions in this regard. Welcoming the Government’s engagement to increase the level of fines imposable on employers for acts of anti-union discrimination, interference and failure to engage in collective bargaining, the Committee requests the Government to monitor, together with the social partners, the application in practice of these newly adopted sanctions and to review the relevant provisions, where considered necessary, so as to ensure that the sanctions imposable for acts of anti-union discrimination, interference in trade union affairs and failure to engage in collective bargaining are sufficiently dissuasive.

The Committee also previously requested the Government to provide information on the practical application of the available procedures, sanctions and remedies provided by the legislation to address allegations of anti-union discrimination and interference, as well as failure to engage in collective bargaining. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that, according to the VGCL, there has been no specific information on the application of the provisions on preventing and combating discrimination, manipulative intervention in trade union activities or failure to engage in collective bargaining since 2019. Similarly, results from a report of the Inspectorate of the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs on the observance of labour law in enterprises did not detect any acts prohibited by the relevant provisions of the Labour Code. The Government adds, however, that such violations may occur, even without being reported and it is therefore important to conduct awareness-raising and capacity-building exercises with workers, trade unions and State management agencies in charge of labour, including labour inspectors and labour arbitrators. Noting that the Government requests ILO technical assistance in this regard, the Committee trusts that the Office will be able to provide such technical assistance so as to contribute to raising awareness of the relevant stakeholders on the importance of preventing, monitoring and reporting violations relating to the prohibition of anti-union discrimination, interference in trade union affairs and failure to engage in collective bargaining. The Committee further encourages the Government to continue to report on the practical application of the available procedures, sanctions and remedies provided by the legislation to address such violations, in particular to indicate the number of alleged violations filed to the competent authorities (mediation, arbitration and judicial proceedings), as well as the average duration of the procedures and the type of sanctions and remedies applied as a result thereof.

Article 4. Collective bargaining levels. The Committee previously noted that collective bargaining at the national level was not explicitly stipulated in section 78 of the Labour Code and requested the Government to clarify whether such collective bargaining was permitted. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the provision refers to “other types of agreements” and that this may also include national collective bargaining agreements.

Collective bargaining at the level of the enterprise. Minimum threshold of representativity.In its previous comment, the Committee noted the different scenarios for collective bargaining at the enterprise level stipulated by section 68 of the Labour Code and observed that the provision referred to a minimum membership requirement to bargain collectively, without, however, elaborating on the required threshold. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that a decree on this subject is being prepared and provides various options on the minimum membership ratio for workers' representative organizations to have the right to conduct collective bargaining. The Government also informs that it took note of the Committee’s comments and that it is in the process of consulting on the draft decree for its promulgation in the near future. Taking due note of the Government’s information, the Committee trusts that the decree establishing the minimum requirements for workers’ organizations to engage in collective bargaining at the enterprise level will be elaborated without delay, in consultation with the social partners,so as to allow these organizations to participate in collective bargaining to defend the interests of their members. The Committee trusts that the determination of the minimum threshold will be done in line with the Convention, as detailed in the Committee’s previous comment, and invites the Government to avail itself of ILO technical assistance in this regard.

Sectoral bargaining. Minimum threshold of representativity.In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to indicate whether any minimum requirements apply to workers’ organizations to be able to participate in collective bargaining at the sectoral level. The Government informs that the Labour Code grants a lot of autonomy to the parties in conducting collective bargaining at the sectoral level. In particular, the sectoral trade union and the employers’ organization determine the collective bargaining representatives who can participate in bargaining (section 72 of the Labour Code), as well as the process for conducting sectoral collective bargaining, including whether or not to conduct it through a collective bargaining council (section 73 of the Labour Code). Taking due note of this information, the Committee requests the Government to provide further information on the determination of collective bargaining parties at the sectoral level in situations where more than one workers’ organization seeks to participate in such collective bargaining. The Committee also requests the Government to clarify whether the decree on the minimum requirements to participate in collective bargaining, mentioned above, also addresses sectoral collective bargaining.

Adoption of collective agreements. Requirement to obtain opinions from workers. In its previous comment, the Committee requested the Government to provide information on the practical application of the provisions of the Labour Code which require opinions of all workers at the enterprise and approval by more than 50 per cent of them before a collective bargaining agreement can be adopted, as well as on the application of similar provisions for sectoral and multi-enterprise collective agreements. The Committee takes note of the Government’s observations that at the enterprise level, 99 per cent of workers vote to adopt collective agreements when consulted. The Government also reports that 3,489 new collective agreements were adopted at the level of the enterprise in 2021 and 1,676 new agreements were adopted between January and May 2022. The Committee requests the Government to provide further information on the practical application of section 76(2) of the Labour Code, which provides for specific requirements to obtain the opinions of workers and a vote in favour of a sectoral or a multi-enterprise collective bargaining agreement, before such an agreement can be adopted.

Sectoral and multi-enterprise bargaining. Collective Bargaining Council. Powers of the Provincial People’s Committee. The Committee previously noted that the Provincial People’s Committee, the administrative entity at the provincial level, had certain prerogatives in sectoral and multi-enterprise collective bargaining, including the power to reject a request to establish a collective bargaining council and to assist, under certain conditions, in the process of collective bargaining, and requested further information in this regard. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that within 20 workings days from a request to engage in multi-enterprise collective bargaining, the Provincial People’s Committee shall issue a decision on the establishment of a collective bargaining council or the reasons why such establishment was not accorded. This aims, according to the Government, to ensure that the establishment of a collective bargaining council is conducted in accordance with the law, that the principles of collective bargaining are voluntary and based on cooperation, goodwill, equality, openness and transparency. Accordingly, in all cases where these criteria are not met, the request will be rejected with a written document and a clear statement of the reasons therefore, but this does not interfere with the conclusion of a collective bargaining agreement between the parties. While taking due note of the above, the Committee recalls that there are also other aspects of the Provincial Peoples’ Committee’s involvement in collective bargaining which may raise issues of compatibility with the Convention, in particular that representatives of the Provincial Peoples’ Committee are also members of the collective bargaining council and that the Committee is mandated, under certain circumstances, to assist in the process of collective bargaining. In this context, the Committee requests the Government to provide further information on the role of representatives of the Provincial People’s Committee, as the State authority at the provincial level, in a collective bargaining council, including on the type of assistance that can be provided to parties in line with section 74 of the Labour Code. The Committee requests the Government to ensure that any assistance or participation of State authorities in collective bargaining of sectoral or multi-enterprise collective agreements does not infringe the principle of the autonomy of the parties promoted by the Convention. The Committee trusts that the powers of the Provincial Peoples’ Committee and the Department of Labour to reject a request for the establishment of a collective bargaining council are, in practice, limited to verifying formal requirements as to the composition of the council or ensuring that basic principles of equality and voluntary bargaining are met, as reported by the Government, and do not restrict recourse to sectoral and multi-enterprise collective bargaining.

Procedures for the settlement of collective labour disputes. The Committee previously noted the provisions of the Labour Code on mediation, arbitration and judicial resolution of individual and collective labour disputes (sections 179-197) and requested the Government to provide further information on measures to ensure the independence of the Labour Arbitration Council from the State authorities and to clarify whether the law allows for compulsory arbitration (arbitration established at the initiative of one party or the competent authority with compulsory effect on the parties). The Committee notes that the Government indicates that, while rights-based individual or collective disputes can be unilaterally referred to the courts for resolution, the law does not provide for compulsory arbitration for interest-based collective labour disputes but, in certain situations, the workers’ representative organization, as a disputing party, can initiate a strike action in line with the provisions of the Labour Code. The Government further points to the relevant provisions of the Labour Code and of Decree No. 145/2020/ND-CP (previously assessed by the Committee), which elaborate on the establishment of the Labour Arbitration Council and on the criteria and qualifications of labour arbitrators, and which, in the Government’s view, ensure the independence and effective operation of the Labour Arbitration Council. Taking due note of this information, the Committee observes, however, that the provincial State authority seems to play an essential role in the establishment, composition and functioning of the Labour Arbitration Council (section 185 of the Labour Code) which may raise concerns of full independence of this entity from State authorities. Emphasizing that bodies entrusted with resolving collective labour disputes should be independent and enjoy the confidence of the parties, the Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that the Labour Arbitration Council is fully independent from the Government and to provide details as to the nature of the awards, orders or remedies that may be issued by an arbitration panel.

Workers’ and employers’ organizations cited in the labour legislation. The Committee previously observed that a number of provisions of the Trade Union Law, the Labour Code and Decree No. 145/2020/ND-CP provide specific rights, including the right to participate in national tripartite bodies, to enumerated workers’ and employers’ organizations and requested the Government to take the necessary measures to review the labour legislation in order to ensure that it does not cite specific organizations but rather uses a more general language. The Government indicates that trade unions and workers’ organizations in enterprises have equal rights and obligations in protecting the lawful and legitimate rights and interests of workers in labour relations (section 170 of the Labour Code) but that workers’ organizations are only regulated at the enterprise level and that at other levels, due to historical conditions, there is currently only one trade union. In relation to employers’ organizations and business associations other than the VCCI and the Viet Nam Cooperative Alliances, the Government informs that they also participate in tripartite institutions at all levels. The Government provides the example of the National Wage Council, where, in addition to representatives of the above organizations, there are also 3 members from other employers’ organizations at the national level (one from the Viet Nam Association of Small and Medium Enterprises and two from national sectoral associations employing a high number of workers, without being nominally specified). While taking due note of the broader participation of employers’ organizations in the National Wage Council and of the historical circumstances explaining a lack of regulation of trade unions at higher levels, the Committee recalls once again that systems which cite by name in the legislation the organizations which have preferential rights may give rise to risks of partiality or abuse and are not compatible with the Convention. The Committee further recalls that it is preferable for legislation, when granting rights and obligations to workers’ and employers’ organizations, to use a general language, for example based on the level of representativity of the organizations concerned. The Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures, including legislative, so as to bring the law in line with the Convention on this point.

Collective bargaining in practice. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that by the end of June 2022, 38,588 enterprise-level collective bargaining agreements, two collective bargaining agreements at the local level (in the garment industry), 21 multi-enterprise collective bargaining agreements (in tourism, electronic enterprises, garment enterprises, construction materials enterprises and preschool institutions) and one national-level sectoral collective labour agreement in the garment industry, were signed and in force covering around 6,195,843 workers (accounting for 79 per cent of the total number of workers in enterprises where trade unions have been established). The Committee further welcomes the detailed information provided by the Government on the implementation of a number of measures to promote the development of collective bargaining to meet the requirements of the Convention. The Committee encourages the Government to continue to provide updated statistics on collective bargaining in practice and to continue to take measures to promote the full development and utilization of collective bargaining under the Convention.

Promotion of the Convention. The Committee takes due note of the information provided by the Government on the measures taken to strengthen the functioning of the Industrial Relations Committee, as well as on the development of cooperation programmes with national social partners and the implementation of the 2021 Action Plan to change the organization and operation of the Viet Nam Trade Union in the new situation, which the Committee understands also refers to the ongoing revision of the Trade Union Law. The Committee requests the Government to provide updates on the revision of the Trade Union Law and trusts that its comments will be taken into account in the process, so as to bring the law in line with the Convention. The Committee also requests the Government to continue providing information on other measures taken to promote the application of the Convention.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

The Committee takes note of the Government’s first report.

The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the Convention is applied in its entirety in the country and is implemented mainly through the Labour Code, 2019 and the Trade Union Act, 2012 (TUA), as well as their guiding documents, including Decree No. 145/ND-CP, 2020, Decree No. 28/2020/ND-CP, 2020 and Circular No. 10/2020/TT-BLĐTBXH, 2020. The Committee further notes the Government’s statement that the comments of the Viet Nam General Confederation of Labour, the Viet Nam Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Viet Nam Cooperative Alliance were considered and incorporated into its report.

Scope of application of the Convention. The Committee notes that: (i) pursuant to sections 1 and 5 of the TUA, trade unions represent cadres and civil servants, public employees, workers and other labourers, where labourers are Vietnamese persons; and (ii) the Labour Code is applicable to workers, apprentices, trainees, persons working without an employment relationship, employers and foreign workers, as well as other agencies, organizations and individuals directly involved in labour relations (section 2 of the Labour Code). The Committee observes, however, that section 220(3) of the Labour Code stipulates that the regime for cadres, civil servants, public employees, personnel belonging to the armed forces and the police, social organizations, members of cooperatives and persons working without an employment relationship shall be regulated in different legal documents but that, depending on the particular category, a number of provisions of the Labour Code may apply. It also notes the Government’s indication that the provisions of the Labour Code relating to the application of the principles of the right to organize and collective bargaining are not applicable to civil servants. Recalling that the Convention covers all workers, whether nationals or foreigners, in both the private and public sectors, with the only authorized exceptions of the armed forces, the police and public servants engaged in the administration of the State (Articles 5 and 6), the Committee requests the Government to provide information on any legal provisions, apart from the relevant sections of the TUA, that provide all the rights guaranteed by the Convention to the categories of workers excluded from the application of the Labour Code under section 220(3), in particular public employees and public servants not engaged in the administration of the State, workers in a managerial position and workers without an employment contract, and to indicate what provisions of the Labour Code, if any, are applicable to them. Given the reference to Vietnamese nationals in section 5 of the TUA, the Committee requests the Government to clarify whether the TUA would also apply to foreign workers.

Types of workers’ and employers’ organizations covered by the legislation. The Committee notes that the TUA applies to trade unions at all levels (section 3) but observes that the provisions of the Labour Code giving effect to the rights guaranteed by the Convention mainly refer to workers’ representative organizations at the grassroots level (established at agencies, organizations, units and enterprises (section 171(1))). Observing that the Labour Code does not make reference to protection of workers who are members of higher-level workers’ organizations (at the sectoral or national levels), the Committee requests the Government to provide clarification in this regard and to take the necessary measures to ensure that the rights provided by the Convention are guaranteed to workers’ and employers’ organizations at all levels, as well as their members.

Government regulations. The Committee notes that numerous provisions throughout the Labour Code are drafted in a broad language, leaving extensive powers to the Government to stipulate further details on specific matters, including among others, on the required minimum threshold for collective bargaining (section 68), the functions, duties and operations of the collective bargaining council (section 73(4)), details as to obtaining opinions of workers before concluding a collective agreement (section 76(7)) and the criteria, procedures, conditions and formalities for the appointment and management of labour mediators and arbitrators (sections 184(2) and 185(6)), as well as for the organization and operations of the Labour Arbitration Council and the Labour Arbitration Panel (section 185(6)). Observing from the above that certain matters of the Labour Code which fall within the scope of the Convention are to be determined through Government regulations, the Committee requests the Government to indicate whether it has already provided guidance on the above matters, and if so, to clarify in what form, as well as the legal value of such guidance, and to provide relevant copies.

Article 1 of the Convention. Adequate protection against acts of anti-union discrimination. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the TUA and the Labour Code prohibit acts of discrimination by reason of forming, joining and undertaking activities of trade unions or workers’ organizations at the enterprise level, including at the stage of recruitment and extension of employment contract, during employment (discipline, transfer, working conditions) and in relation to termination of employment (section 9(2) of the TUA and sections 3(8), 5, 8(1) and 175(1) of the Labour Code). The Committee further observes that additional protection against anti-union discrimination is provided to officials of workers’ representative organizations at the grassroots level (section 25 of the TUA and section 177(3)–(4) of the Labour Code). Welcoming the above provisions prohibiting various forms of anti-union discrimination but observing that the language used in the Labour Code mainly refers to workers’ representative organizations at the grassroots level, the Committee requests the Government to clarify whether the protection against anti-union discrimination provided by the above provisions of the Labour Code also applies to members of higher-level organizations (at the sectoral and national levels).

Article 2. Adequate protection against acts of interference. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that: (i) section 9(1) of the TUA prohibits the hindrance and causing of difficulties in the implementation of trade union rights and section 9(3) proscribes the application of economic measures or other measures causing disadvantages to trade union organization and operation; (ii) section 175(1)(d) of the Labour Code prohibits the employer to impede or obstruct employment in order to undermine the activities of workers’ representative organizations at the grassroots level; (iii) section 175(2) proscribes interference in or manipulating of the processes for the establishment, elections and development of work plans or implementation of the activities of workers’ representative organizations at the grassroots level, including using financial support or other economic measures to neutralize or undermine the representative function of workers’ representative organizations at the grassroots level or discriminating among them; and (iv) section 177(1) stipulates an obligation on the employer to refrain from creating obstructions or difficulties when workers conduct lawful activities to establish, join and participate in the activities of workers’ representative organizations at the grassroots level. Welcoming the above provisions prohibiting various forms of interference, the Committee requests the Government to clarify whether they apply to higher-level trade unions.

Equal access to the guarantees of the Convention. The Committee observes that the TUA, in a number of its provisions, places trade unions under the direction or authority of higher-level trade unions, other organizations or political parties and that section 172(3) of the Labour Code specifies that, where a workers’ organization at an enterprise joins the Viet Nam Trade Union, the provisions of the TUA will apply to it. Observing that there are currently two different but partially overlapping laws giving effect to the provisions of the Convention, the Committee recalls the importance of ensuring that all workers’ organizations are given the same access to the guarantees of the Convention in order to be ensured effective protection for carrying out their activities on an equal footing. It also wishes to emphasize that it is essential for workers’ and employers’ organizations to maintain their independence from public authorities and political parties, and to be able to freely choose to affiliate with higher-level organizations, so that they can defend the interests of their members effectively. In line with the above, the Committee trusts that the Government will endeavour to ensure that all workers’ organizations, whether governed by the TUA or the Labour Code, have equal access to the guarantees of the Convention and to ensure the independence of workers’ and employers’ organizations at all levels in the exercise of their rights under the Convention.

Articles 1, 2 and 3. Effective and sufficiently dissuasive sanctions and remedies for acts of anti-union discrimination and interference. The Committee notes that: (i) section 30(1)-(2) of the TUA stipulates that the authority, order and procedures to settle disputes on trade union rights shall comply with the law on the settlement of labour disputes and other relevant laws; (ii) disputes relating to anti-union discrimination against workers or members of leadership committees of workers’ representative organizations, as well as those relating to intervention or manipulation of a workers’ representative organization are considered as collective rights-based disputes, which can be solved through mediation, arbitration or judicial proceedings (section 179(2) of the Labour Code); (iii) agencies, organizations, enterprises or individuals who violate provisions of the law or other provisions relating to trade union rights shall, depending on the nature and the extent of the violation, be sanctioned through a disciplinary measure, administrative sanction or prosecution for criminal liability, and must compensate for damages, if any (section 31(1) of the TUA and section 217(1) of the Labour Code); and (iv) it is upon the Government to detail sanctions for violations of the law (section 31(2) of the TUA). The Committee further notes the Government’s indication that administrative penalties for labour violations are stipulated in Decree No. 28/2020/ND-CP and observes that the fines imposable on employers for acts of anti-union discrimination and interference in trade union affairs range from Vietnamese Dong (VND) 3,000,000 to 20,000,000 (equals to US$133 to 883) (sections 11(2)(a), 34(2), 35 and 36 of the Decree). The Committee also notes the Government’s statement that the amount of the above fines concerns individuals responsible for the violations and that the amount of monetary penalty imposed on entities is two times higher (section 5(1) of the Decree). While taking due note of the above, the Committee recalls that the effectiveness of legal provisions prohibiting acts of anti-union discrimination depends not only on the effectiveness of the remedies envisaged, but also on the sanctions provided for, which should be effective and sufficiently dissuasive. Observing that the level of fines set out in the above provisions may not be sufficiently dissuasive, especially in large enterprises, the Committee requests the Government to consider raising the level of fines, in consultation with the social partners, so as to achieve their sufficiently dissuasive character.

The Committee further notes with interest that: (i) in addition to the prescribed pecuniary sanctions, section 4 of Decree No. 28/2020/ND-CP also provides for other mitigation measures and remedies to address labour violations, including reinstatement and payment of full wages and salaries, extension of labour contracts with part-time trade union officers and ensuring equal rights and benefits to trade union officers as to other workers at the organization; and (ii) section 41(1) of the Labour Code provides for an obligation on the employer who unlawfully terminates an employment contract to reinstate the worker in his or her original position and to pay full wages and benefits, as well as additional monetary compensation equivalent to at least two months’ wages.

Taking due note of the available procedures, sanctions and remedies provided by the legislation to address allegations of anti-union discrimination and interference, the Committee requests the Government to provide information on the practical application of these provisions, in particular to indicate the number of instances of alleged acts of anti-union discrimination and interference filed to the competent authorities (mediation, arbitration and judicial proceedings), as well as the average duration of the procedures and the type of sanctions and remedies applied as a result thereof.

The Committee further notes that the timeframe for individual and collective labour disputes to be completed through mediation is five working days (sections 188(2), 192(1) and 196(1) of the Labour Code) which may prove to be insufficient, taking into account the different elements of the mediation process, such as the provision of documents and evidence, verification and the invitation of witnesses or other relevant individuals (section 183). The Committee invites the Government to consider slightly extending the period for the resolution of individual and collective labour dispute through mediation, while at the same time ensuring efficient and responsive mediation services.

Article 4. Promotion of collective bargaining. The Committee notes with interest that one aspect of state policies on labour is to encourage agreements that provide conditions for workers that are more favourable than those provided in labour law (section 4(1) of the Labour Code), as well as to encourage workers and employers to engage in dialogue and collective bargaining and to develop progressive, harmonious and stable labour relations (section 4(6) of the Labour Code). It further observes that employers have an obligation to establish a mechanism for and engage in dialogue and discussion with workers and workers’ representative organizations (section 6(2)(b) of the Labour Code), that labour relations are established and developed through dialogue, negotiation and agreement based on the principles of voluntariness, good faith, equality, cooperation, and respect for mutual lawful and legitimate rights and interests (section 7(1)) and that sections 65-89 of the Labour Code regulate the collective bargaining process. While further noting that section 15(2) of Decree No. 28/2020/ND-CP provides for sanctions on employers who fail to carry out collective bargaining to conclude, amend or supplement collective labour agreements upon receipt of the request from the demanding party, as well as fines for other violations relating to collective bargaining, the Committee observes that the envisaged fines range from VND3,000,000 to 5,000,000 (equals to US$132 to 221) which may not be sufficiently dissuasive to prevent violations of the above provisions. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the practical application of the above provisions stipulating fines for violations of employers’ obligations relating to collective bargaining.

Collective bargaining levels. The Committee notes that section 75 of the Labour Code stipulates that collective bargaining agreements include collective bargaining agreements at the enterprise level, sectoral level, multi-enterprise collective bargaining agreements and other types of collective bargaining agreements but observes that no explicit reference is made in the labour legislation to collective bargaining at the national level. Recalling the need to ensure that collective bargaining may take place at all levels, including at the national level, the Committee requests the Government to clarify whether such collective bargaining is permitted.

Collective bargaining at the level of the enterprise. Minimum threshold of representativity. The Committee notes that pursuant to section 68 of the Labour Code, collective bargaining at the level of the enterprise is granted to: (i) the workers’ representative organization at the grassroots level that meets the required minimum membership to bargain collectively; (ii) if there are several workers’ representative organizations that meet this threshold, collective bargaining can be initiated by the organization with the largest membership at the enterprise and other organizations can participate with its consent; and (iii) if none of the workers’ representative organizations meet the threshold, they can voluntarily join together to reach the minimum requirement. The Committee observes that the Labour Code does not elaborate on the required threshold but provides for the Government to stipulate the minimum membership requirement to be able to bargain collectively. The Committee recalls in this regard that the representativity threshold must be assessed on the basis of the specific characteristics of the industrial relations system and emphasizes that the imposition of a high percentage requirement for the recognition of a collective bargaining agent, may impair the promotion and development of free and voluntary collective bargaining within the meaning of the Convention. The Committee also recalls that if no union represents the required percentage of workers to be declared the exclusive bargaining agent, collective bargaining rights should be granted to all the unions in the unit, at least on behalf of their own members. In these circumstances, the Committee requests the Government to indicate the minimum membership threshold established to allow workers’ organizations to participate in collective bargaining at the enterprise level and trusts that its determination was done in line with the above.

Sectoral bargaining. Minimum threshold of representativity. The Committee requests the Government to indicate whether any minimum requirements apply to workers’ organizations to be able to participate in collective bargaining at the sectoral level.

Adoption of collective agreements. Requirement to obtain opinions from workers. The Committee notes that prior to signing an enterprise-level collective bargaining agreement, opinions must be obtained from all workers in the enterprise on the draft text negotiated by the parties and the agreement shall only be signed when more than 50 per cent of the workers in the enterprise vote in favour (section 76(1) of the Labour Code). Similar conditions are in place for sectoral collective agreements and multi-enterprise collective agreements (opinions must be obtained, depending on the type of agreement, from all members of the leadership committees of workers’ representative organizations in the enterprises that participated in the negotiations or from all employees at the enterprises participating in the negotiations, and the agreement can be signed if it receives support from 50 per cent of those whose opinions are obtained – section 76(2)), as well as in situations where the parties want to extend the duration of a collective agreement (section 83). The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the practical application of these provisions, in particular, to indicate the number of collective agreements approved and signed, as well as the overall support and votes obtained, especially in large enterprises and at the sectoral level.

Sectoral and multi-enterprise bargaining. Collective Bargaining Council. Powers of the Provincial People’s Committee. The Committee notes that in case of sectoral or multi-enterprise collective bargaining, the parties may agree to conduct negotiations through a collective bargaining council, composed of representatives from each party, a chairperson and representatives of the Provincial People’s Committee (section 73 of the Labour Code), which is the administrative entity at the provincial level. The Committee notes that the Provincial People’s Committee has the following powers: to reject a request to establish a collective bargaining council (section 6(3) of Circular No. 10/2020/TT-BLDTBXH, 2020; this is also the prerogative of the Department of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs); to decide on any request to change the chairperson, functions, tasks and performance duration of the council (section 6(5) of the Circular); to support and provide information deemed necessary for the parties to carry out negotiations (section 9(4) of the Circular); and to assist in the process of collective bargaining, either upon the request of both parties or proactively with the agreement of the parties (section 74 of the Labour Code). The Committee recalls in this regard that under the terms of Article 4 of the Convention, collective bargaining must be free and voluntary and respect the principle of the autonomy of the parties and that while it is permissible for public authorities to promote and support collective bargaining, they should not intervene in the conclusions of collective agreements, as this may infringe the principle of the autonomy of the parties. In view of the above, the Committee requests the Government to indicate on what grounds a request to create a collective bargaining council can be rejected by the Department of Labour and the Provincial People’s Committee and to take the necessary measures to ensure that any assistance or participation of State authorities in collective bargaining of sectoral or multi-enterprise collective agreements does not infringe the principle of the autonomy of the parties.

Procedures for the settlement of collective labour disputes. The Committee notes that: (i) the Labour Code contains provisions on mediation, arbitration and judicial resolution of individual and collective labour disputes (sections 179-197) and clarifies that the resolution of labour disputes shall be carried out upon the request of the disputing parties, or upon the request of the competent agencies, with the agreement of the disputing parties (section 180(5)); (ii) the specialized labour agency of the People’s Provincial Committee (local State authority) is the focal point to receive requests for resolving labour disputes (section 181(3) of the Labour Code); (iii) interest-based collective labour disputes, including labour disputes that arise during the collective bargaining process, must be addressed through mediation by a labour mediator prior to requesting resolution by the Labour Arbitration Council or going on strike (section 195(2) of the Labour Code); and (iv) labour mediators as well as the Chairperson, the Secretary and other members of the Labour Arbitration Council are appointed by the Chairperson of the Provincial People’s Committee (sections 184(1) and 185(1)), upon nomination of an equal number of persons by the specialized labour agency of the Provincial People’s Committee, the provincial trade union and the employers’ representative organization (section 185(2)). Taking due note of the above, the Committee recalls that the bodies entrusted with resolving disputes should be independent and enjoy the confidence of the parties and that problems would arise in the case of compulsory arbitration which the authorities may impose in an interest dispute at the request of one party, or at their own initiative (see the 2012 General Survey on the fundamental Conventions, paragraphs 243 and 246). Considering that the Labour Code does not refer to requirements for ensuring the independence of the Labour Arbitration Council from the State authorities and that one third of its members are nominated by the provincial State authority, the Committee requests the Government to indicate whether any measures were taken or are envisaged to ensure that the Labour Arbitration Council is fully independent from the Government, and if not, to take the necessary measures to this effect. The Committee further requests the Government to indicate whether, as an exception to the general rule of voluntary recourse to arbitration, there are any instances of compulsory arbitration in interest disputes, that is, arbitration imposed at the request of one party or at the initiative of the competent authority with compulsory effect on the parties. The Committee also requests the Government to provide details as to the nature of the awards, orders or remedies that may be issued by an arbitration panel.

Workers’ and employers’ organizations cited in the labour legislation. The Committee observes that a number of provisions of the TUA, the Labour Code and Decree No. 145/2020/ND-CP provide specific rights, including the right to participate in national tripartite bodies, to enumerated workers’ and employers’ organizations – the Vietnam General Confederation of Labour, the Vietnam Cooperative Alliance and the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The Committee recalls in this regard that systems which cite by name in the legislation the organizations which have preferential rights in terms of participation in dialogue bodies, rather than referring to the most representative workers’ and employers’ organizations, may give rise to risks of partiality or abuse and are not compatible with the Convention. The Committee therefore requests the Government to take the necessary measures to review the labour legislation in order to ensure that, when granting rights and obligations to workers’ and employers’ organizations, the legislation does not cite specific organizations but rather uses a more general language, for example based on the level of representativity of the organizations concerned.

Collective bargaining in practice. The Committee welcomes the Government’s indication that: (i) between 2018 and 2020, 6,113 new collective bargaining agreements were signed at the enterprise level (4.6 times higher than the period 2013–18); (ii) by the end of 2020, there were 25,020 collective bargaining agreements newly signed or amended, bringing the total number of signed collective bargaining agreements at the enterprise level to 34,989, covering 68.31 per cent of enterprises with established grassroots trade unions; and (iii) between 2018 and 2020, 11 multi-enterprise collective bargaining agreements were signed in 8 localities in the field of tourism, electronics, textile, wood processing and preschool, covering 112 enterprises and business units and 53,750 workers. It also notes the Government’s initiative to encourage collective bargaining, as stated in Resolution No. 02-NQ/TW, which aims at reaching collective bargaining coverage of 70 per cent of enterprises with trade unions by 2023, 80 per cent by 2025, 85 per cent by 2030 and 99 per cent by 2045. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide information on the number of collective agreements concluded and in force, the sectors concerned, the number of workers covered and the scope of these agreements, as well as on any measures undertaken to promote the full development and utilization of collective bargaining under the Convention.

Promotion of the Convention. The Committee welcomes the Government’s indication on the measures taken by the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs and the provincial departments of labour to promote the application of the Convention and disseminate relevant information to workers, employers and relevant agencies and organizations, including on discrimination, manipulative intervention and collective bargaining, such as the development of guiding manuals and communication materials, the conduct of training and communication activities, inspections on the implementation of the Convention, registration of collective agreements and the development of cooperation programmes with national social partners. The Government adds that it will continue to focus on further promoting a number of specific activities in relation to the application of the Convention.

The Committee further notes the Government’s indication that the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the implementation of the Convention, with the Government issuing policies to support workers and businesses, and that despite difficulties, dialogue was maintained and promoted in enterprises. According to the Government, dialogue helps workers and employers to exchange their perspectives, consult with each other and agree on issues of industrial relations, especially in the context of the pandemic, thereby contributing to maintaining stable industrial relations and minimizing negative impacts of the pandemic on employment and on workers’ lives. Emphasizing the importance of social dialogue in crisis situations, including during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Committee trusts that the Government will continue to promote co-operation and dialogue among the social partners, as an effective means to maintaining harmonious labour relations and to facilitating the application of the rights enshrined in the Convention.